जावास्क्रिप्ट - String Object

string म्हणजे अक्षरसंच. उदा. "Welcome to Dnyandeep Foundation" किंवा "1234" याठिकाणी "1234" व 1234 यात फरक आहे हे लक्षात घेतले पाहिजे, "1234" हा अक्षरसंच आहे तर 1234 ही संख्या आहे.
String Object चे गुणविशेष व पद्धती यांची काही उदाहरणे खाली दिली आहेत.
string.toUppercase() कॅपिटल अक्षरे करणे
string.indexOf() विशिष्ट अक्षराचा क्रमांक दाखविणे. क्रमांक 0 पासून सुरू होतात.
string.lastIndexOf() विशिष्ट अक्षराचा शेवटचा क्रमांक दाखविणे.



String मधील शब्द शोधण्यासाठी वा बदलण्यासाठी खालीलप्रमाणे प्रोग्रॅम करता येतो.


String मधील शब्द वेगवेगळे करून array मध्ये दर्शविता येतात.खालील उदाहरण पहा
var str="Visit Dnyandeep Infotech";
var splitResult = str.split(" ");

for(i = 0; i < splitResult.length; i++){
document.write("
Element " + i + " = " + splitResult[i]);
}
याचे उत्तर
Element 0 = Visit
Element 1 = Dnyandeep
Element 2 = Infotech
असे येईल.

In pursuit of IT Part-IV

During the last ten years of company's existence, we designed many software projects and websites. and if I decide to give detailed account of development process, variety of experiences we had during our interaction with clients and the lessons learned, each project would turn into an interesting novel.

The living experience we had for such a long duration just cannot be put into words. Every client was different in one or other sense. Scenarios were different. our developers and their technologies changed. There were moments of new hopes while establishing contacts, tensions during work, happiness of achievements or frustrations due to failures in satisfying clients. There were also many other problems like accounts, correspondence, marketing and quality control.The experience of running a small business is really much more varied and valuable as compared to experience in large corporate, government or education field. I strongly feel that new entrepreneurs should take such experience before starting their own business.

Even after such a long and consistent involvement in software field, I did not get the status of IT man and was labeled always as environmental engineer due to my degree. As I had a long tenure of about 37 years as teacher and consultant in environmental engineering, my contacts were established mainly through my students. Very few of them had liking or interest in IT like me. They were interested in taking my advise in environmental or education field but did not take my views on IT seriously and considered it as my hobby or subsidiary job. The faculty from computer and IT departments of my college and other colleges did not give much attention to my work in this field.

Fortunately, there came an occasion, when I was called to inaugurate ISTE workshop for college teachers on "Recent advances in Information Technology" at Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur. I was very happy and prepared a powerpoint presentation on Web 2.0. I had already used many tools like Twitter, Widgets,google map, registered for social networks like facebook, Linkedin, had started yahoogroups, googlepages and writing blogs. Still, I had to study many more new tools available on the internet, gather information about cloud computing, digg, mashup etc. The presentation was well received, but I knew that I lacked deep knowledge in these tools. Our Dnyandeep member, and senior software developer Sushant Yaldgudkar gave a two hour presentation on latest Flash/Flex technologies and impressed IT teachers from various engineering colleges about our achievements.

On the technology front, as I mentioned we adopted PHP, MySQL system for data integration to webpages. I learned use of PHP and could develop interactive web applications like Marathi-Sanskrit-English dictionary and Subhashit module for www.sanskritdeepika.org. I learned to use many flash web modules developed by Dnyandeep team, like photogallery, interactive map, page-flip, audio-video clip embedding, installing various components in websites based on Joomla and Wordpress CMS. Use of Unicode through Baraha and its integration with regional language pack of windows made Marathi & Sanskrit content management much easier and searchable through search engines.

In order to have a public contact place and centre for skilled human resource generation, our foundation established its office in the premises of Maharashtra Technical Education Society at Vishrambag, Sangli. Three students worked for their MCA project with us for four months and developed www.green-tech.biz website using latest Joomla version. Later, we transferred most my computer and IT books from our to the office, purchased four computers and started web design and flash programming training classes. Fortunately, we could get skilled dedicated computer programmers good in photoshop, flash and MS Office. Now some well known senior persons have started attending our course. My brothers also came forward to help me in accounts and marketing. We redesigned mysangli.com and hoped getting revenues through advertisements. However, there was very poor response and the reason was same old issue of ignorance about this effective media.

I took a decision to start a movement of awareness campaign about web design and decided to write blogs in Marathi on web design for education and for explaining the use of this technology in various fields. Till date, I have published many blogs on web design, Java Script and use of web technology for various sectors. We are planning to publish a book on this subject in due course of time.

POET OF DEMOCRACY by Walt Whiteman

The old book (Poet of Democracy, A biography by Babette Deutshse )purchased by me long back on footpath, lying now in my old book treasure, caught my attention and I remembered immediately the joy and inspiration I got from those poems. I thought, how he upheld the necessity of Democracy in those days of aristocratic systems, and created a movement which led finally in birth of nation believing firmly in Democracy and freedom of thought. These thoughts have a great relevance in the present scenario of struggle for democracy in different countries and would prove to be inspiring.
I thought it fit to pass on some of the magnificent poems displaying great philosophical mind, for you to think over.WALT WHITEMAN

Excerpts from Preface
Go, dear friend, if need be give up all else,&
and commence to-day to inure yourself to pluck,
reality, self-esteem, definiteness, elevatedness,
Rest not till you rivet and publish yourself of your own Personality

These lines stirred me so that I started reading Whiteman from cover to cover,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
( from Song of Myself )
Walt Whiteman, a kosmos, of Manhatten the son,
Turbulent, fleshy, sensual, eating, drinking, breeding.
No sentimentalist, no stander above men and women or apart from them. No more modest than immodest.
Unscrew the locks from the doors !

Unscrew the doors themselves from their jambs !

Whoever degrades another degrades me,

And whatever is done or said returns at last to me.

Through me the afflatus surging and surging, through me the current index.
I speak the pass-word primeval, I give the sign of democracy. 

By God ! I will accept nothing which cannot have their counterpart of on the same terms
-----------------------------------
I know I have the best of time and space, and was never measured and never will be measured.
I tramp a perpetual journey, (come listen all!)
My signs are a rain-proof coat, good shoes, and a staff cut from the woods,
No friend of mine takes his ease in my chair, I have no chair, no church, no philosophy,
I lead no man to a dinner-table, library, exchange, But each man and each woman of you I lead upon knoll,
My left hand hooking you round the waist, My right hand pointing to landscapes of continents and the public road.
Not I, not any one else can travel that road for you, You must travel it for yourself.
It is not far, it is within reach,
Perhaps you have been on it since you were born and did not know,
Perhaps it is everywhere on water and on land.
Shoulder your duds dear son, and I will mine, and let us hasten forth,
Wonderful cities and free nations we shall fetch as we go.

जावास्क्रिप्ट - Date Object

युजरच्या कॉम्प्युटरमधील कालमापक घड्याळाचा वापर करून दिवस, तारीख, वेळ याविषयीची माहिती जावास्क्रिप्टच्या - Date Object द्वारे मिळविता येते.

कॉम्प्युटरमधील कालमापक घड्याळातील कालमापनाची सुरुवात 1/1/1970 यादिवशीच्या दुपारी १२ वाजल्यापासून केली जाते. यावर date object properties आधारित आहेत.

Date Object चे गुणविशेष (प्रॉपर्टीज)
* getTime() - या दिवशीच्या दुपारी १२ वाजल्यापासून झालेले मिलिसेकंद (एक सहस्रांश सेकंद)
* getSeconds() - सेकंद (0-59)
* getMinutes() - मिनिटे(0-59)
* getHours() - तास(0-23)
* getDay() - आठवड्यातील दिवस(0-6). 0 = रविवार, ... , 6 = शनिवार
* getDate() - महिन्यातील दिवस (0-31)
* getMonth() - महिना(0-11)
* getFullYear() - वर्ष (1970-9999)

var currentTime = new Date() येथे date object चे मूल्य currentTime या व्हेरिएबलमध्ये साठविली जाते. आता वरील गुणविशेषांच्या साहाय्याने आपल्याला खालीलप्रकारे महिना (month), दिवस (day) व वर्ष (year) काढता येतात

महिने (0-11) ऎवजी 1-12 होण्यासाठी getMonth() मध्ये 1 मिळवावा लागतो.

var month = currentTime.getMonth() + 1
var day = currentTime.getDate()
var year = currentTime.getFullYear()
document.write(day+ "-" + month + "-" + year)

आपल्याला सध्याच्या इलेक्ट्रॉनिक घड्याळातील वेळेप्रमाणे म्हणजे HH:MM AM/PM (तासासाठी दोन जागा व मिनिटांसाठी दोन जागा आणि सकाळचा वा दुपारचा भाग दर्शविण्यासाठी AM/PM ) वेळ दाखविण्यासाथी खालीलप्रकारे प्रोग्रॅम करता येतो.
if (minutes < 10){
minutes = "0" + minutes
}
document.write(hours + ":" + minutes + " ")
if(hours > 11){
document.write("PM")
} else {
document.write("AM")
}
वरील प्रोग्रॅममध्ये 10 पेक्षा कमी मिनिटे असतील तर पहिल्या जागेत 0 लिहिण्याची सोय केली आहे.
--------------
html व javascript चे टॅग काढून आता हा सर्व प्रोग्रॅम खालीलप्रमाने लिहिता येईल.

आजचा दिनांक -
var currentTime = new Date()
var month = currentTime.getMonth() + 1
var day = currentTime.getDate()
var year = currentTime.getFullYear()
document.write( day+ "-" + month + "-" + year)
document.write("
वेळ - ");
var hours = currentTime.getHours()
var minutes = currentTime.getMinutes()
if (minutes < 10){
minutes = "0" + minutes
}
document.write(hours + ":" + minutes + " ")
if(hours > 11){
document.write("PM")
} else {
document.write("AM")
-------------
व त्याचे उत्तर असे येईल.

आजचा दिनांक - 23-2-2011
वेळ - 9:01 AM

In pursuit of IT Part-III

We could get a good job of designing website for Khare Group for their real estate project. We designed the site with interactive maps, drawings and photo galleries. The site gave us lot of scope for using Flash modules. Though the site was good and appreciated by client, he did not think that website also needs advertisement. He did not mention the name of website in any of his advertisements in print media, and people did not know about the site. As a result few people saw the site. There was poor response from website publicity. This made him nervous and he discontinued the site.

We thought of developing portal websites to create awareness about this new media, meet the needs of people in the city and earn financial resources through advertisements. But this yielded a poor response as people were not conversant with internet. For Kolhapur city, we gave the work of marketing and management to Shashank Sawardekar, my student. However, after few days he left the work and joined a good job in Delhi. after spending almost one year in data collection and design, we had to close the site.

Though I was managing Dnyandeep Infotech as a private limited company, I did not think that it should be only a profit making business. I had a great liking for social work in field of science education in Marathi and environmental awareness activities. I was closely associated with Marathi Vidnyan Prabodhini, Nature Foundation and Environmental Protection Research Foundation.I was also teaching environmental engg subjects as guest lecturer in our college. I asked our Dnyandeep group to develop many websites which were oriented towards social service in these fields.Our team spent lot of time in these unproductive but socially relevant projects.

In order to give web presence to our work in Sanskrit software development, we launched www.sanskritdeepika.org in addition to our websites for Marathi and for Sangli & Kolhapur cities.

We launched www.vidnyan.net for science education in Marathi. Inauguration was done at the hands of Shri G. P. Kantak, a science teacher.

We added lot of material, images and training material of various topics of science in Marathi. We wished that science teachers in Marati schools will use and enhance the site. But schools were not geared up for computer use, teachers also were not conversant with computers and the idea failed.

Website launched for education www.dnyandeep.net also received similar response. The only advantage of these efforts was that we got web design jobs for many schools and colleges. We also tried to prepare CDs. Our CD on Vision 2K4 for Walchand College event was well received by students. we prepared 200 CDs for Rotary club activities which were distributed in US by Rotary president. Similar request came from Dr. Bapat Bal Shikshan Mandal school head master, for their school website. We prepared the CD and gave them. But what they expected was video CD which can be played on TV. We never thought that limitations of website CD might not be understood by them. This created some discord in relations which were sorted out later.

By introspection, I realized that my social work oriented activities are becoming burden to Dnyandeep Infotech. Moreover, people started thinking that whatever social work, we are doing, is only for money making business. This was not acceptable to me. Hence I started a public trust Dnyandeep Education & Research Foundation in 2005 to separate these two activities. Still modus-operandi for our foundation remained focused on webdesign. Initially we designed two more sites www.worldlibrarians.com and www. worldpainters.net. Our idea was to develop platform for building a strong community for information exchange and its further extension to paid services and business transactions. As we did not have core knowledge of these fields and few resources for aggressive marketing, we could not make much progress in these fields.

We did some websites in Joomla, and I was happy that I could now upload new articles and information with much ease and without bothering for programming. We added lot of articles, sound and video clips to our mymarathi.com site. This became very popular site with highest hit count and large membership. We kept all memberships completely Free. We typed and added Marathi articles by great Marathi writer, Smt. Malatibai Kirloskar on the site with 'Madhughat' title for the collection.

Our foundation's other initiative was to launch www.school4all.org for providing free educational resources in Marathi for all subjects at school level. This site also received good response.

There was lot of talk about global warming in media and government took lead in enhancing education in environment at all levels. This was my field and I tried to build environmental forum through our www.envis.org. but majority of environmental personnel were unaware about internet and were mainly employed in colleges and industries. They did not have special need of networking except for education.

Fortunately at the same time, new developments took place in building industry. Green building concept came in limelight. The real estate industry needed change in approach for design considering sustainability,environmental impact and energy conservation.Considering the great scope for web technology in real estate industry, our foundation started social networking activity for builders, engineers and architects. My civil engineering background and environmental expertise and long teaching experience came for help. we could organise series of seminars on solar energy, green building and green city.

My aim in this activity remained to draw attention of the members to enormous potential and capability of web technology in education, consultancy and business in Green Technology. We launched www.greencityportal.com website and later changed it to www.green-tech.biz. We started green-tech yahoogroup.We even organized international conferences in Bangkok and Dubai on Green Technology with overwhelming response from architects, engineers and builders.

Still, I must confess that I have not yet been able to bring business to Dnyandeep Infotech through my social networking efforts. People use computer and internet for entertainment, chatting and e mail services, but have not realize the advantage of using web technology for their business promotion.

During this period, our Dnyandeep Infotech could succeed in getting some prestigious sites from industries like Ugar sugar Works, PCE Controls, Umed group, Bhairav technologies and Debonair equipments.The web design techniques also advanced beyond my comprehension. Our team talked about tableless layouts, crossbrowser compability and SEO. They used frameworks like. Code Igniter, Kohana and PyroCMS in design of websites. They could develop websites of international standards and received repeat orders from clients.They also developed some good sites like birdcalls.info and kavyazalegane.com.


In the field of flash technology also, they moved from Flash to Flex and undertook prestigious projects in 3D graphics rendering and facebook applications.

I was happy with their expertise and had an inner urge to join them as developer. But I knew that my knowledge in this field is limited by many aspects and I have to exert a lot leaving all other activities if I have to achieve some success in it. But still, I feel very much that I should learn these techniques. By the time, I make some progress, I am sure, our Dnyandeep team would have gone far ahead of me.

I compare my state of mind to the wish expressed in my wife's poem "mayecha gav" how grand children in US might be thinking of coming Sangli
"जा मना जा वारुवरी
वेगे स्वार होई तरी"
(Let my mind go and ride the running horse.)

Yes, I know that only my mind can catch that progress of IT technology. .

In pursuit of IT Part - II

Due to practice of programing in basic, I could easily grasp Visual Basic 5 and then switched to VB6. Our Dnyandeep team included dedicated developers who constantly refined the design techniques, used Crystal Reports for report generation, created Cab and executable files for distribution of software. They developed many applications ranging from village information system, matrimony,dairy, inventory and billing systems.

In spite of success in software development, that could not yield enough returns as the development took long time, the clients changed the requirements and required customisation to match their traditional method and we did not focus on marketing and getting orders for developed products. The only advantage was our group became more coherent and expert in design. Many of our employees got good jobs in Pune and Mumbai. My nephew, Manish could use the experience he had in webdesign in Dnyandeep for getting job after his MS in USA. As I was not involved in actual development work, I could not master scientific methodology in programming and lacked comprehensive knowledge of VB6 and Crystal Reports. What I used to do was taking their developed projects from one application and changing the code to suit my requirements. I kept on using these techniques for developing software using MS Access as database. Through trial and error, I could succeed in developing some projects in environmental design and Sanskrit Grammer.

With the availability of internet connection from VSNL, we focussed our attention on web design work. We became partner to Net4India, a wellknown ISP in India and hosted our sites taking shared hosting package. Initially, there was no awareness about websites even in educational institutes like our engineering college, hence, we first developed the site for our college on our own. www.walchandsangli.org site was designed and run for three years by Dnyandeep without taking any charges from college. I had called a programmer student ( friend of our Dnyandeep member) from Bangalore for that purpose and paid Rs. 3000/- for his 15 days work. He dis the job well. Our people also learned techniques of HTML programming.

We conducted one month web design course for Walchand College students with equal sharing of receipts between College and Dnyandeep. I also could get sponsorship for developing www.envis.org from KIT college of engineering.

We opened our office in Pune at Mayuresh Infotech as we had good rapport developed due to Shri Lipi products we were using. Somehow our collaboration did not last long and we closed the branch. As we were getting good response for webdesign, we thought of keeping dedicated server at Net4India office in Pune. This gave us lot of information and training in managing servers. However, as the prices of hosting services reduced drastically, and there were security and data backup difficulties, we decided to opt for secure hosting services from reliable internet service providers. We also initiated partnership with Macromedia and CCAvenue. Our idea was to sell their products. But due to weakness in Marketing, we could not do much in that field.

The technolgy in web design was changing rapidly and our people had to remain abreast with latest developments. Our simple HTML based static websites were changed to dynamic with asp pages and database support services of MSAccess and MSSQL. Our Marathi website www.mykolhapur.net based on this technology one Maharashtra State award. More than the award, we were invited by Commissioner of Kolhapur corporation for designing website of Kolhapur Corporation. The site was in Marathi and English with well over 500 pages with database linked web application modules. Unfortunately, HCL Infotech took contract of corporation e-governance and our site was closed.

Use of asp and MSAccess required windows server and that amounted to licensing and more cost of hosting. We decided to use PHP and MySQL for developing dynamic websites and the team learned those techniques in short time. Now we could host our websites on Linux based servers. However, many of our sites were having asp and we had to take services of two servers.

I forgot the development in other important branch, where our people excelled. That was Flash programming. We started with Flash 5 moved on to Flash 8, From actionscipt 1.0 to 2.0. We enrolled ourself as elance service provider and could successfully carry out many foreign assignments in Flash. This had a effect of more exodus from our company due to better pay packages offered by companies in Pune and Mumabi. Still our company survived due to small dedicated core group who stayed with Dnyandeep.

We developed website for Marathi Sahitya Sammelan, Sangli as our contribution to the event. The site was appreciated by all. We could succeed in developing website for Maharashtra Mandal in Bangalore (the centre of IT business) and feel proud about it.

We had a chance of visiting US for 3/4 times to my daughter and son and our visit was for 2/3 months each time. Still, our company continued to function without any supervision and I must express my thanks to our team for that.

In pursuit of IT Part - I

Advent of Computer Technology
Advent of computer age in my forties fascinated me so much, that I forgot my field of specialisation and got addicted to this ever changing field of technology. I had experienced old style programming in Fortran and Basic during my Ph.D. work at IIT Kanpur during in 1973-76, where we used to type on punching cards and submitting our card deck to in charge of computer lab and waiting for day or two to get answer. Many a times we used to get stack of pages with errors and whole exercise was repeated till a proper output is obtained. My research work did not require use of computers and in fact my guide was against unnecessary use of computers. But the novelty of computer drew me to try some programs at that time.

After I returned to Sangli in 1976, there was a long gap for many years, when I had no access to computers.

After 1980, college received grant to purchase Omni main frame computer from Bangalore which had capacity of two 80 MB harddisks, which we thought to be enormous at that time. College decided to send 5 faculty ( one from each department) for training of this new computer. Prof. Yardi ( Electronics Dept.), Prof. Shiyekar(Applied Mechanics Dept.), (Late) Prof. Sajanikar(Mechanical Dept.), Prof. Sane(Mechanical Dept.) and myself(Civil Dept.) were selected for the purpose. We were trained for one and half months in Bangalore in computer hardware, Unix and COBOL.

After the computer became operational, (Late) Prof. N. R. Phadnis started computer diploma courses in our college and I joined the team as a faculty. We were teaching Basic and COBOL at that time. Our courses were heavily loaded with information about history of computers, hardware information and system engineering. My wife, Sou. Shubhangi completed the Basic course and took one month class of computer programming in Marathi for students of Savarkar Pratisthan at Sangli in 1985

College also undertook software development work of university examinations and I joined the team. DOS system was the king at that time, windows was yet to take birth.. We were using Wordstar Nondocument files for storing data and basic programming for processing it.

Basic, Wordstar, lotus and Dbase III were considered to be the necessary for computer literate at that time. FORTRAN was reserved mainly for research or design purposes by technical people. We started Suyash Compuers at Vishrambag in partnership of Sou Shubhangi with Suhas Khambe and Miss. Kulkarni. Well known doctors, business men and lawyers took training in our class. We used to do thesis typing work, developing small software programs for businesses. Billing system for M/S Shaha Medicals and salary program for Shri. Gajanan Mills were our achievements.

Basic was the first language I learnt. I liked it and was comfortable with it so much, that I developed a confidence to use it for solving any problem. It has become the backbone of my understanding of computer programming. Even today, I interpret any language through its equivalence to basic. COBOL. was the main programming language in business world. It was called as Verbose language, which meant that it was like normal English sentences, understandable to anybody. Its architecture was elaborate but systematic. It worked on UNIX platform and required compilation unlike basic which was interpreter language. There were four sections - Data Section, Input Output Section, Working Storage Section and Procedure Section.While teaching the subject, I used to compare it with office, where there are cupboards for storing files representing Data Section, Working table as working storage section, Inward and outward trays as Input output Section and the actual work as procedure section. We did examination software development in COBOL, but were comfortable with basic as it was easily manageable on PCs with low memory and data storage on floppy disks.

When I had chance to visit Bangkok in 1987, I purchased Commodore-64 computer which was based on 65280 (?) chip other than usual 8080 processor. Novelty of that computer was that it could be used with TV as monitor. I purchased many books of commodore programming and computer games and enjoyed in developing small programs.

Government of India, under computer education awareness program, distributed BBC computers to schools and our college was given a task of training the school teachers. BBC computers were very popular as they had colored monitors and many educational programs built into it. We could write any type of programs and draw graphics on these computers using simple BBC basic language. We used to go to schools and set up their computers and train the teachers.

After 2/ years we learnt that there was major fire in Chandigad, which destroyed large scale BBC chip manufacturing facility with a result of stoppage of the Govt. scheme. Incidentally at the same time, IBM computers took entry in Indian market and
BBC computers became obsolete.

We purchased computer in the house from Lotus computers and started working on it with a zeal.We steadily changed our platforms from DOS to windows, Basic to Visual Basic and Dbase III to Foxpro.In 1992 after we shifted to our new house, due to sudden eruption of my illness, we slowed our progress and shifted Suyash computers to our house and later closed it. Recovery from illness took almost 5 years and again we started thinking of taking a venture in this field and finally established Dnyandeep infotech Pvt. Ltd. in 2000.

Year 2000 brought bright future for Indian IT personnel. Memory was a costly item in those days and developers tried to reduce memory requirements to minimum required. Much before 2000, software developers realised that they have made mistake of keeping 2 digits for storing year and it would pay havoc in business transactions and time related activities world over the value of year will turn 0 after 99. This Y2K problem, generated ample opportunties of employment in IT sector and thousands of people were employeed to correct the programs. this also ushered the growth of many IT companies in US and speculators poued money into it. IT became suddenly a rich and prestigous business. Though the bubble burst after some years, the status of IT remained high.

Unfortunately India was still struggling with poor infrastructure and connectivity problems and majority of population was unaware of the new opportunities created by computers and internet. Language was also a big hurdle in the IT development in India except few major cities. We tougt of providing these services by starting NetCafe at Sangli.



Our Computer Netcafe was inaugurated by Retired Prof. D. P. Sakhadeo in Nov. 2000 in his bunglow near our house which was taken on rent by us. Our netcafe experience was not encouraging as we were not getting time for actual work. We closed it and started again training classes and software development work.

Initially, we launched our company website www.dnyandeep.com. Our focus of clientele was Sangli and inner urge was to use Marathi for software and website. Hence we started working on websites www.mysangli.com and www.mymarathi.org both in Marathi medium. Initially we used Shivaji free font but changed later to iLeap and then to dynamic Shri Lipi font. We were also developing software for Sanskrit education.We spent hours and days in learning and teaching html and developing different software in visual basic.

Web modules for educational institutes

The websites of educational institutes in India, generally include typical information like history, departments, faculty, admission procedures and a picture gallery. However, these websites can neither serve the student community as regards their day to day functioning nor can provide effective control for the management over teaching-learning process.

If we see the websites of foreign educational institutes, we find that they have following special features.

. Strong presence on the internet.
. Websites highly informative and interactive.
. Sites are Student centric rather than acting as mere institute brouchers as the case in India.
. Teachers play a major role in addressing students through internet.
. Distance education is a major functional component
. Online library is available

The brochure type websites of institutes in India give cursory information to students and are not visited by faculty or students. This situation should be changed. New students aspiring to take admission visit the site to get information about institute. They can be highly impressed by if the web site is equipped with modern web service tools and high interactivity.

Following web modules are being developed by Dnyandeep Infotech Pvt. Ltd. will greatly enhance the utility of website and make the web site truly interactive.

1.Site Plan linked Information (SPI) :
Students aspiring for taking admission to engineering college generally refer to the website or printed brochure to select the college. However, very often these do not include map-linked information about the institute. Such facility is generally provided in websites of foreign universities. The location map along with the index plan is necessary for indicating the access route and transport facilities. Infrastructural facilities like main office building, classrooms, hostels, playground and other amenities also should be shown on map with context sensitive information. Inclusion of these features would be very useful in educating the students about the institute infrastructure in an effective manner.

2. Open Access Library :
The search for required book or reference material is the most time consuming and difficult job for the students or teachers. Accessibility of entire database of college library on the net will help students and research workers to get the required material in less time. Moreover, they can reserve the book by submitting the requisition request. The librarian can display new books and ask for suggestions about purchase of books. The library may have textbooks, reference books, magazines, journals, CDs, VCD, DVDs, etc. The facility can be extended by putting abstract, index or content pages for correct choice.

Librarian can monitor the issue of books and can send messages for early return if there are queries by other readers. The college can use this facility for resource generation through supply of photocopied (Xerox) text material from the requested book with annual subscription charges.

3. e-Circular :
The display notice boards do not serve the required function due to various reasons. The vast campus may require many notices at different locations. The target audience may not read them and there is no confirmation that the notice has reached the desired person.

e-Circulars eliminate all these difficulties and provide a very systematic way of storing, categorizing notices and collecting feedback information. It will have login security and multi department feature.

4. Institute Level Private Network Communication (ILPNC) :

ILPNC is a special module envisaged by Dnyandeep after reviewing difficulties and bottlenecks in traditional practices in implementing effective college administration. The conventional communication systems fail to provide effective and timely responses in educational institutes because of large no. of students, numerous departments, various laboratories, different cadres of teachers and administration requirements. The problems further get complicated due to the time targets of admission, examination and evaluation. Communication Network if properly designed can effectively solve all these difficulties and provide total control on information flow and compilation of data for correct decision making.

The ILPNC system is designed such that the data entry shall be easy and fast by multi user facility, whereas the retrieval of information and summary reports is restricted by access permissions which can be administered centrally by management.
There is a provision to implement data entry part of the system through intranet if necessary and convenient for any institute but total control is essentially kept through remote web server. In metropolitan cities where students residence and college are distant apart or the students taking admission are from remote areas, this facility shall be very helpful for the students to communicate with the college.

5. Proctor System :
Proctor system is essential for all institutes where students from different places take admissions. In this system, teachers are allotted a group of students for whom they will act as local guardians from the time student gets admitted to the time the student passes the final examination in the institute.

Proctor system gives all information about the students e.g. local and permanent address, performance record and bio-data, social and financial conditions, personal problems and difficulties. Proctor acts as a counselor to student in all matters like local guardian and serves as a link between student and institute. Student shall feel free and relieved to interact with proctor through secured web service and will get assistance to problems like ragging, mishaps, family problems, illness etc. Provision of such module will enhance confidence of parents in the well being of students in the institute. Module is designed in a way such that, information of student will not be accessible to any other person other than proctor and there is bilateral communication facility between the two. The system also provides facility with password protection for the parents to view the attendance and performance of student and have communication with the proctor.

जावास्क्रिप्टच्या साहाय्याने पाढे तयार करणे

बेचे पाढे

सूर्य नमस्कार घालताना अनेक कृती आपण त्याच क्रमाने पुन्हा पुन्हा करतो.गणितातही अशा पद्धतीचा वापर केला जातो. पाढे हे याचे उत्तम उदाहरण आहे. बेच्या पाढ्य़ात २ संख्येला १ ते १० संख्यांनी गुणले की बेचा पाढा तयार होतो. दोनात एक मिळवून पुन्हा हीच क्रिया केली की तिनाचा पाढा तयार होतो. असे २ पासून १० पर्यंतचे पाढॆ म्हणजे बेचे पाढे सर्वांना माहितीचे आहेत.

जावास्क्रिप्टच्या लूप(loop) पद्धतीचा वापर करून असे पाढे आपल्याला बनविता येतात.For आणि While असे दोन प्रकारचे लूप यासाठी वापरता येतात.
for loop
var i=1;
for (i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
document.write( i*2);
document.write(", ");
}
वरील प्रोग्रॅममध्ये i चे मूल्य 1 पासून 10 पर्यंत वाढून उत्तर 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20 असे येईल. एका लूपमध्ये दुसरा लूप घालून त्यात j चॆ मूल्य 2 ते 10 पर्यंत वाढविले व j*i चे मूल्य काढले तर पाढ्याचा प्रोग्रॅम तयार करता येईल. पाढे नीट दिसावेत यासाठी table टॅगचा वापर करून बेचे पाढॆ लिहिण्याचा प्रोग्रॅम खालीलप्रमाणे करता येईल.

उदाहरण

अशा प्रोग्रॅमचा फायदा म्हणजे केवल आकडे बदलून हाच प्रोग्रॅम आपल्याला कोणतेही पाढॆ तयार करण्यासाठी वापरता येईल. उदा. 41 ते 50 पर्यंतचे पाढे लिहिण्यासाठी j चे मूल्य खालीलप्रमाणे लिहावे लागेल.

for(j=41; j<=50; j++)

Rise above politics, first strengthen the nation

In continuation of my earlier blog 'roots of corruption', I wish to appeal all parties to rise above politics and delineate the corruption issue from smooth and efficient governance of nation. It is a good sign that opposition parties are thinking of cooperating with ruling party for budget session.

Corruption is all pervasive. We are revealing that many leaders and administrators are alleged to be involved in corrupt practises tainted as corrupt on one or other account. No doubt, it should be rooted out and corrupt should be punished. But, there should not be sense of panic in the minds of administrators while taking initiatives, bold decisions and even risk if necessary to undertake development projects.

Laxity and delay in decisive actions merely to protect oneself, may prove to be detrimental for rapid growth of India. Being democratic country, India has high sustainability in the political turmoil and is not going to become unstable like other countries with military or authoratative rule.The only worry is the delay in progress, which is unacceptable, considering the urgency of reforms and development to meet the needs of large population.

In this world of high competition, it is possible that many countries may be happy with our slow progress. We should not forget that our internal fights and hurdles in project executions are going to help them. Many countries and international corporates want to expand their business in India. If we fail in our industrial growth, we may have to accept their entry to solve our problems. This is dangerous and would amount to slavery and dependency in other form

Hence, under no circumstances, our growth should get hampered by our internal blame game and actions to get political gains or publicity in media. Let the government clean the administration systematically with patience and taking care not to discourage honest and efficient administrators.

We are Indians first and should work together resolving all differences for the prosperity of India. We should remember the unity shown by Kauravas and Pandawas while fighting outside attact by following 'वयम्‌ पंचाधिकम्‌ शतम्‌ ।'

जावास्क्रिप्ट - नेव्हीगेटर ऑब्जेक्ट

जावास्क्रिप्टच्या नेव्हीगेटर या पूर्वरचित प्रोग्रॅम घटकाचा (ऑब्जेक्ट) उपयोग
उदाहरण -

उत्तर -

जावास्क्रिप्ट - फंक्शन

जावास्क्रिप्टचा उपयोग करून अंकगणितातील उदाहरणे सोडविता येतात. खालील उदाहरणात गुणाकाराचे फंक्शन कसे वापरावयाचे ते दाखविले आहे.
उदाहरण -

उत्तर -

Math Object - मॅथ या जावास्क्रिप्टच्या पूर्वरचित प्रोग्रॅम घटकाचा (ऑब्जेक्ट) उपयोग करून खालील प्रकारची गणिते करता येतात.
उदाहरण -

उत्तर -

जावास्क्रिप्ट - पॉप अप बॉक्सेस

Popup Boxes
जावास्क्रिप्टचा उपयोग करून आपल्याला तीन प्रकारच्या पॉप अप ( एकदम आपोआप उघडणार्‍या) विंडोद्वारे युजरला सूचना देता येतात.
Alert Box - दक्षता सूचना ( अलर्ट बॉक्स)
उदाहरण -

Confirm Box -खात्री करण्यासाठी सूचना ( कंन्फर्म बॉक्स)
उदाहरण -


Prompt Box - माहिती भरण्यासाठी सूचना ( प्रॉम्प्ट बॉक्स)
उदाहरण -

जावास्क्रिप्टच्या साहाय्याने फॉर्म व्हॅलिडेशन

वेबसाईटवर माहिती भरण्याचा फॉर्म तपासण्यासाठी जावास्क्रिप्टचा वापर करण्यात येतो. फॉर्ममध्ये नाव, पत्ता, वय, जन्म तारीख, इमेल, पोस्टल कोड, फोन अशी अनेक प्रकारची माहिती विचारलेली असते. त्यातील अत्यावश्यक माहितीचे रकान्यांवर * अशी खूण केलेली असते ती भरल्याखेरीज फॉर्म स्वीकारला जात नाही. (इतर माहिती भरणे न भरणे युजरच्या मर्जीवर सोपविले जाते.) आवश्यक ती सर्व माहिती योग्यप्रकारे भरली आहे की नाही याची तपासणी जावास्क्रिप्टच्या साहाय्याने युजरच्या कॉम्प्युटरवरच केली जाते. त्यामुळे सर्व्हरकडे माहिती पाठविल्यानंतर त्यात चूक होण्याचा संभव रहात नाही. अर्थात जावास्क्रिप्टचा वापर ऎच्छीक असल्याने हा फॉर्म सर्व्हरवरही तपासला जातो. चुकीची वा अर्धवट माहिती भरलेला फॉर्म सर्व्हरकडून परत पाठविला जाण्याची शक्यता जावास्क्रिप्टच्या साहाय्याने फॉर्म व्हॅलिडेशन केल्यावर रहात नाही.

माहिती तपासताना माहितीच्या प्रत्येक प्रकाराप्रमाणे वेगवेगळ्या कसोट्या लावल्या जातात.
नाव तपासताना शब्दांऎवजी मोकळी जागा नाही ना हे तपासले जाते.
खालील उदाहरण पहा.

येथे head टॅगमध्ये validateForm() हे फंक्शन लिहिले आहे. तर body टॅगमधील फॉर्म मध्ये ते वापरले आहे. या फंक्शनमध्ये myForm नावाच्या फॉर्ममधील x नावाच्या व्हेरिएबल( चलसंख्या) मध्ये fname (नाव) घेऊन त्याचे मूल्य तपासले जाते व ते ’काहीच नाही’( तो रकाना भरलाच नाही तर) किंवा त्याची लांबी ० असेल तर First name must be filled out अशी दक्षता सूचना दिली जाते.

इमेलसाठी लागणार्‍या कसोट्यात @ व (.) ची जागा तपासली जाते.या तपासणीसाठी लागणारा जावास्क्रिप्ट्चा प्रोग्रॅम खाली दिला आहे.

येथे atpos म्हणजे @ चे स्थान व dotpos म्हणजे शेवटच्या . चे स्थान. इमेलमध्ये @ चे स्थान १ पेक्षा कमी असता कामा नये ( म्हणजे इमेलमध्ये @ हे चिन्ह असले पाहिजे.) @ व . जोडून नसावेत तसेच @ चे स्थान शेवटचे नसावे.
दक्षता सूचना

तारीख, पोस्टल कोड व फोन यासाठी संख्यांचा ठराविक फॉरमॅट (Format) आहे का ते पाहण्यासाठी अशाच कसोट्या वापरल्या जातात. .

वेबसाईटवरील सदस्यनोंदणी

वेबसाईटवरील सदस्यनोंदणीसाठी व्यवस्था लॉगिन मोड्यूल (Login Module)

इंटरनेटवर शोध घेतला तर सर्व विषयांची व सर्व प्रकारची माहिती उपलब्ध असली तरी ती देताना बर्‍याच वेळा सदस्य नोंदणीची अट घालून फक्त नोंदणीकृत सदस्यांनाच हवी ती माहिती मिळण्याची व्यवस्था डायनॅमिक वेबसाईटमध्ये केलेली असते. ही सदस्य नोंदणी मोफत वा काही शुल्क आकारून केली जाते. मोफत नोंदणी करण्याची अट ही केवळ युजरचा इमेल पत्ता, परिचय आवडनिवड व गरज याविषयीची माहिती गोळा करण्यासाठी ठेवलेली असते व या माहितीचा उपयोग बातमीपत्र वा जाहिराती पाठविण्यासाठी केला जातो. काही माहिती मिळविण्यासाठी सदस्य वर्गणी भरावी लागते.

लॉगिन मोड्यूल


सदस्य नोंदणी करताना किमान सदस्यनाव (Login Name) व इमेल (E Mail) याची माहिती द्यावी लागते. दिलेल्या इमेल पत्त्यावर नोंदणीचा सांकेतिक शब्द (पासवर्ड) पाठविला जातो. खोटी वा अनधिकृत इमेल पत्ता लिहिल्यास हा सांकेतिक शब्द मिळत नाही व सदस्य नोंदणी होत नाही. फॉर्ममध्ये युजरने दिलेली माहिती योग्य आहे की नाही हे तपासणे आवश्यक असते.

नोंदणीकृत सदस्याने आपले नाव व पासवर्ड लिहिल्यावर, त्या सदस्याचे नाव व पासवर्ड सर्व्हरवर असणार्‍या सदस्ययादीतील माहितीशी पडताळून पहावा लागतो. त्यात काही चूक असल्यास त्याची माहिती देऊन नकार कळवावा लागतो व पुनः योग्य माहिती भरण्यास सूचना द्यावी लागते.

नवीन सदस्यत्वासाठी कोणी माहिती भरली तरी सर्व्हरवर असणार्‍या सदस्ययादीतील नावात ते नाव नाही ना याची खात्री करावी लागते अन्यथा वेगळे सदस्यनाव घेण्यास सुचविले जाते.

सर्व्हरवर सर्व सदस्यांची माहिती एका डाटाबेस टेबलमध्ये जतन केली जाते. लॉगिन होताना वा नव्या सदस्याच्या नोंदणीच्यावेळी ह्या माहितीचा वापर करून योग्य त्या प्रतिसादाचे वेबपेज तयार करून युजरकडे पाठविले जाते. तसेच युजरच्या माहितीचा समावेश करून टेबल अद्ययावत करावे लागते.

युजर लॉगिन झाला की त्याच्यासाठी एक सेशन ( स्वतंत्र माहिती कप्पा) सुरू करण्यात येतो व त्याद्वारे युजरला सर्व्हरवरील डेटाबेसमधून आवश्यक ती माहिती दिली जाते. युजर लॉगाआउट झाला की तो सेशन नाहिसा केला जातो. यामुळे एकाच वेळी अनेक युजर एकाच डेटाबेसमधून वेगवेगळ्या प्रकारची माहिती घेत असले तरी त्यात सरमिसळ होत नाही. एखादा युजर डेटाबेसमध्ये माहिती भरत असेल वा त्यातील माहितीत बदल करीत असेल तर अत्यल्प काळाकरता त्याची सेवा इतर सर्व युजर्ससाठी बंद केली जाते व डेटाबेसच्या माहितीत बदल झाल्यानंतर ती सेवा पूर्ववत खुली होते. या सर्व क्रिया अतिशय वेगाने होत असल्याने युजरला याची जाणीव होत नाही.

ऑनलाइन रेल्वे रिझर्व्हेशन व्यवस्थेत सांगलीतून, दिल्लीतून व अन्य अनेक ठिकाणांहून एकाच वेळी एकाच गाडीचे रिझर्व्हेशन होत असले तरी एकाच सीटचे डुप्लिकेट रिझर्व्हेशन होण्याचा धोका अशा व्यवस्थेमुळे टाळला जातो.

हवा प्रदूषण

अन्न, वस्त्र, निवारा या तीन मूलभूत मानवी गरजा आहेत. अन्न ही संज्ञा फार व्यापक अर्थाने वापरली जाते, कारण यात अन्नधान्या बरोबरच पाणी आणि हवा या महत्त्वाच्या घटकाचा समावेश अप्रत्यक्षपणे झालेला आहे. जिवंत रहाण्यासाठी आपल्याला सतत प्राणवायूचा योग्य त्या प्रमाणात पुरवठा व्हावा लागतो.

प्रकृती निकोप राखण्यासाठी मानवाला सकस आहाराबरोबर स्वच्छ आणि शुध्द हवेची आवश्यकता आहे. हवेतील प्रदूषणाचा परिणाम मानवी जीवनाबरोबरच वनस्पती आणि इतर जीवसृष्टीवर होतो.

हवा वेगवेगळया वायूंच्या मिश्रणाने बनली आहे. त्याचे प्रमाण सर्वसाधारण परिस्थितीत कायम असते. यापैकी काही घटक आपल्याला आवश्यक असतात, काही निरूपयोगी असतात तर काही घातक असतात. आवश्यक घटकांचे प्रमाण जास्त व अनावश्यक घटकांचे प्रमाण कमी राहून त्या दोहोत नैसर्गिक समतोल राखला गेलेला असतो.

उदा. :- श्वसनक्रियेतून कार्बनडायऑक्साईड वायू बाहेर पडतो तसेच रात्रीच्या वेळी वनस्पती कार्बनडायऑक्साईड उत्सर्जीत करतात. दिवसा वनस्पती प्रकाश संश्लेषणाची क्रिया करतात, यावेळी हवेतील कार्बनवायू शोषूण घेतात व प्राणवायू सोडतात. अशा प्रकारे नैसर्गिक रीतीने हवेतील घटकांचे प्रमाण कायम राखले जाते.

हवेतील महत्त्वाचे घटक :-

१.नायट्रोजन :- नायट्रोजन हा हवेतील मुख्य घटक आहे. तो निसर्गात मोठ्या प्रमाणावर मुक्त स्थितीत आढळतो. नायट्रोजन हा रंगहीन वायू असून त्याला वास व चव नसते. तो विषारी नाही. तो पाण्यात अल्प प्रमाणात विरघळतो. नायट्रोजन वायू विषारी नसला तरी अधिक दाबाखाली, माणसाच्या शरीरात गेल्यास वेड्यासारख हसू लागतो. व त्यांच्या १०% वातावरणीय दाबाने बेशुध्दी आणि मृत्यू संभोवतो.

विजा चमकत असताना, वातावरणातील नायट्रोजन आणि ऑक्सिजीन यांचा संयोग होऊन नायट्नीक ऑक्साईड ( छज २ ) तयार होतो. नायट्रोजन डायऑक्साईड पावसाच्या पाण्यात विरघळून नायट्न्स ऑक्साइड ि कछज३ र्े आणि नायट्नीक अॅसिड तयार होतात. ती अत्यंत विरल स्वरूपात पावसाबरोबर जमिनीवर आणली जातात. त्यांची जमिनीवर आम्ल धर्मी पदार्थांशी अभिक्रीया होते आणि शेवटी नायट्रेट क्षार तयार होतात. त्याचा वनस्पतींच्या वाढीसाठी उपयोग होतो. वनस्पतिज अन्नातून प्राण्यांना नायट्रोजन मिळतो.

स्थिरीकरण झालेल्या नायट्रोजन, संयुगांच्या विघटनामुळे पुन्हा हवेत सोडला जातो. हे कार्य विनायट्नीकरण जिवाणू घडवून आणतात. जमिनीतील नायट्रोजन युक्त पदा यांचे हे जिवाणू विघटन करतात आणि मुक्त नायट्रोजन हवेत मिसळला जातो. तसेच लाकूड, वनस्पती व प्राण्यांचे अवशेष हवेत जळले असता त्यातील नायट्रोजन मुक्त होऊन हवेत मिसळतो. अशा प्रकारे निसर्गामध्ये नायट्रोजनचे चक्र अव्याहत चालू असते.

२.प्राण वायू :-
प्राण वायू हा हवेतील महत्त्वाचा घटक आहे. प्राणवायू विना माणूस पाच मिनीटे देखील जगणे शक्य नाही. हवेत ऑक्सिजनचे प्रमाण २१% असते. ते १०% कमी झाल्यास लगेच मृत्यू ओढवतो. ऑक्सिजनच्या कमतरतेमुळे सर्वप्रथम मेंदूवर आघात होतो. या मुळे गोंधळलेली अवस्था गुंगी येणे, मृत्यू येणे असे प्रकार घडतात. विषारी अथवा अविषारी वायू केवळ आपल्या आस्तित्वाने हवेतील ऑक्सिजन कमी करतात.

३.कार्बनडाय ऑक्साईड :-
हवेत कार्बनडाय ऑक्साइडचे प्रमाण ०.०३% इतके असते. कार्बन आणि त्याच्या संयुगांच्या जळण्याने कार्बन डाय ऑक्साईड निर्माण होतो. हा वायू हवेपेक्षा जड आहे.
वनस्पती, माणूस व इतर सर्व प्राण्यांच्या श्वसनाच्या क्रियेत कार्बनडाय ऑक्साईड मुक्त होतो, माणूस एका दिवसात साधारण ४०० लिटर कार्बन डायऑक्साईड उच्छ्वासावाटे बाहेर टाकतो. लाकूड, कोळसा, तेल आणि गॅस इ. प्रकारच्या इंधनांच्या ज्वलनात दर वर्षाला ३० अब्ज टनांपेक्षा अधिक कार्बनडायऑक्साईड वातावरणात विलीन होतो.
कार्बनडायऑक्साईड हा वनस्पतींच्या पोषणातला मुलाधार आहे. निसर्गामध्ये ज्वालामुखींच्या उद्रेकामुळे कोट्यावधी टन कार्बनडायऑक्साईड बाहेर टाकला जातो. कार्बनडायऑक्साईडच्या वाढत्या प्रमाणामुळे वातावरणातील उर्जेचा समतोल ढळतो व भुपृष्ठावरील असलेल्या वातावरणाचे तपमान वाढते. वातावरणातील तपमानामुळे हवामान व पाऊस यांच्यामध्ये बदल होतो.
हवा प्रदूषण:-
१) प्रदूषणास चार घटक जबाबदार आहेत.
२) चालू नैसर्गिक स्थिती.
३) मानवी लोकवस्ती.
४) उत्पादनाची आणि खपाची पातळी.
५) तंत्रज्ञानाचा उपयोग.

हवा प्रदूषणाचे वर्गीकरण दोन गटामध्ये केले आहे. एक म्हणजे नैसर्गिक प्रदूषण व दुसरे म्हणजे अनैसर्गिक किंवा मानवी प्रदूषण.

प्रचंड येणारी वादळे यामुळे हवेत धुळीच्या सुक्ष्मकणाचे प्रमाण वाढते. उल्कापातामुळे ज्वलन क्रिया घडुन कार्बनडायऑक्साईडचे प्रमाण वाढते. ज्वालामुखीमुळे वातावरणात अमोनिया व गंधकाची वाफ यांचे प्रमाण वाढते व हवा दूषित होते. या सर्वांचा समावेश नैसर्गिक प्रदूषणात होतो

मानवी प्रदूषणात ज्या ज्या मानवी क्रियेमुळे हवेचे प्रदूषण होते त्या क्रियांचा समावेश होतो. सतत धुर ओकणारे कारखाने, अपायकारक वायू सोडणारी वाहने, विमाने, कीटक नाशके, जंतूनाशके यांचे सोडलेले फवारे, अणुबाँब सारखे शास्त्रीय प्रयोग इत्यादी सर्वांचा समावेश मानवी प्रदूषणामध्ये होतो.

वाहनामुळे होणारे प्रदूषण हे सर्वात जास्त प्रमाणात असते. वाहनांच्यामुळे होणार्‍या प्रदूषणात कार्बनमोनोक्साईडचे प्रमाण दोन तृत्यांश इतके असते. तर हायड्नेकार्बन आणि नायट्न्स ऑक्साईड निम्या प्रमाणात असते. वीजनिर्मिती उर्जा निर्मितीसाठी लागणारी इंधने, कोळसा, डिझेल, पेट्रोल यामुळे दोन तृत्यांश सल्फर डायऑक्साइड तयार होतो. पेट्रोरसायने, तेलशुध्दीकरणाचे कारखाने, कागद कारखाने, साखर कारखाने, कापड गिरणी, रबर कारखाने यामुळे एकपंचमाश इतके हवा प्रदूषण होते.

अंतराळात जाण्यासाठी जो अग्निबाण वापरतात त्याच्या धुरातूनसुध्दा क्लोरोफ्ल्युरोकार्बन सारखी संयुगे वातावरणात कोणाशीही संयोग करत नाहीत, पाण्यात विरघळत नाहीत. किंवा समुद्रात सुध्दा शोषून घेतली जात नाहीत. अशाच प्रकारची संयुगे आवाजापेक्षा वेगाने जाणार्‍या विमानातुनसुध्दा बाहेर टाकली जातात. अग्निबाण व ही विमाने स्थित्यंतरामधून प्रवास करतात. त्यामुळे त्यांचा धुर वातावरणाच्या या स्तरात मिसळला जातो. येथे ही संयुगे(क्लोरोफ्ल्युरो कार्बन) प्राणवायूच्या अणुबरोबर संयोग करून क्लोरीनचा अणू वेगळा करतात. हा क्लोरीनचा अणू ओझोनच्या रेणूशी प्रक्रिया करतो व त्याला तोडतो. यामुळे ओझोनचे पृथ्वी भोवतीचे कवच नष्ट होण्याची शक्यता निर्माण झाली आहे.

प्रदूषके व त्यांचे प्रकार:-
१)धुलीकण:- निरनिराळया आकारमानाचे धुलीकण हवेत मिसळून तरंगतात किंवा कालांतराने खाली बसतात. प्रचंड होणार्‍या वादळामुळे जमिनीवरील लहान लहान धुलीकण हे हवेत मिसळतात तसेच ते हवेत एका ठिकाणाहून दुसर्‍या ठिकाणी नेली जातात. या धुली कणांचा डोळयांना तसेच श्वासनलिकेस त्रास होतो.
२)वायू:-
१. सल्फर डायक्साईड
२. कार्बन मोनोक्साईड
३. नायट्रोजन ऑक्साईड
४. हैड्नेजन फ्लूराइड
५. ओझोन
६. हायड्नेकार्बन, इत्यादी.
यातील महत्वाच्या प्रदूषकांची माहिती खाली दिली आहे.

१)सल्फर डायक्साईड(SO2):-सल्फर डायक्साईड मुख्यत्वेकरून ज्वलनामुळे तयार होतो. प्रत्येक उद्योग धंदा, मध्ये किंवा घरगुती वापरासाठी उर्जाशक्तीची आवशक्यता असते. त्यासाठी वापरलेल्या लाकूड, कोळसा, पेट्रोलियम पदार्थ यांच्या ज्वलनामुळे प्रदूषके तयार होतात. यांच्यात सल्फर डायक्साईड जवळ जवळ ८०% असतो. याचे प्रमाण हवेत जास्त झालेस श्वासनलिका व श्वसनक्रियेवर त्यांचा परिणाम होतो.

२)कार्बन मोनोक्साईड:- वाहनांसाठी वापरल्या जाणार्‍या डिझेल व पेट्रोल यांच्या ज्वलनाने तसेच उर्जानिर्मितीसाठी वापरल्या जाणार्‍या लाकूड व कोळश्यामुळे कार्बनमोनोक्साईडचे हवेतील प्रमाण वाढते. प्रत्येक वर्षी जवळ जवळ ४६ कोटी टन इतका कार्बन मोनोक्साईड हवेत मिसळतो. कार्बन मोनोक्साईड रक्तात मिसळल्याने रक्तातील हिमोग्लोबीनचे रूपांतार कार्बोहिमोग्लोबीनमध्ये होते. आणि त्यामुळे ऑक्सीजनच्या प्रवाहास अडथळे निर्माण होतात. कार्बोहिमोग्लोबीनचे रक्तातील प्रमाण ३०% इतके झाल्यास डोकेदुखी, सुस्ती येणे असे प्रकार घडतात. त्याचा परिणाम रक्ताभिसरण संस्थेवर सुध्दा होतो.

३)नायट्रोजन ऑक्साईड:- हा इंधनाच्या ज्वलनातून तयार होतो. जवळ जवळ एक कोटी एैंशी लाख टन इतका नायट्रोजन ऑक्साईड हा प्रत्येकवर्षी वातावरणात विलीन होतो. त्याच्या पैकी ४६% इतका वाहनामुळे, २५% विद्युत उर्जा निर्मीत केंद्राच्यामुळे, १७% औद्योगीकरण, ९% वसतीस्थान आणि ३% इतर मार्गातुन तयार होतो. नायट्रोजन ऑक्साईडचे हवेतील प्रमाण जास्त झाल्यास त्याचा परिणाम श्वासनलिकेवर होतो, डोळे चुरचुरतात, तसेच वनस्पतीची पर्णछिद्रे बंद होतात, पानातील पेशींचा नाश होतो त्यामुळे वनस्पतींची वाढ खुंटते.

ही प्रदूषके हवेत मिसळल्यानंतर त्यात जी स्थित्यंतरे होतात त्यासाठी खालील गोष्ठी कारणीभूत असतात
१.प्रदूषके कोणत्या उंचीवर(जमिनीपासून) हवेत मिसळतात.
२.वार्‍याची दिशा व वेग.
३.स्थानिक हवामानाची स्थिती(तपमान, आर्द्रता इत्यादी )
४.हवेच्या तपमानातील जमिनीपासुन वर होणारा बदल इत्यादी.
या सर्व गोष्टी विचारात घेऊन गणिती शास्त्रावर आधारित काही समीकरणे शोधण्यात आली आहेत. ज्यांचा वापर करून प्रदूषकांचे हवेतील प्रमाण तसेच ते किती अंतरापर्यंत प्रदूषण करू शकतील यांचा अंदाज करता येतो.

प्रदूषके तपासण्याच्या पध्दती:-
१)कारखान्यातुन सोडल्या जाणार्‍या वायुमध्ये किती प्रमाणात प्रदूषके आहेत हे तपासणे.
२)आपल्या सभोवतालच्या हवेत किती प्रमाणात प्रदूषके आहेत हे तपासणे.

कारखान्याच्या धुराड्यातुन किंवा वाहनाच्या इंजिनातुन जे दूषित वायु बाहेर पडतात त्यात प्रदूषकांचे प्रमाण खूपच असते. दूषित वायू पंपाच्या सहाय्याने गोळा करून त्याचे प्रयोगशाळेमध्ये प्रथ:करण करणे शक्य होते. त्यावरून प्रदूषकांचे प्रमाण काढता येते.

सभोवतालच्या हवेतील प्रदूषकांचे प्रमाण त्या मानाने कमी असल्याने प्रदूषकांचे प्रमाण माहित करून घेण्यासाठी खुप जास्त आकारमानाची हवा यंत्राद्वारे गोळा करावी लागते. यालाच हाय व्हाल्युम सँपलर(कळसह र्ींेर्श्रीाश ीराश्रिशी) असे म्हणतात. या यंत्राच्या सहाय्याने वायू प्रदूषके व धुलिकण हे दोन्ही मोजली जातात.

प्रदूषके नियंत्रीत करण्याच्या पध्दती:-
धुलीकण:- धुलीकण नियंत्रीत करण्याच्या पध्दती ह्या धुलीकणाचा आकारमान आणि घनतेवर अवलंबून असतात. खालील प्रमुख गोष्टींचा वापर त्यात केला जातो.
१) गुरूत्वाकर्षण
२) सेंट्रीफ्युगल दाब
३) इलेक्ट्रोस्टॅटिक दाब
४)फिल्टर
या सर्वं उपकरणात फिल्टर या प्रकारात सोप्या पध्दतीने परंतू फायदेशिररित्या धुलीकण दूषित वायूपासून वेगळे केले जातात. इलेक्ट्रोस्टॅटीक दाब पध्दती ही खूपच खर्चिक असून मोठ्या उद्योगधंद्यानाच ती परवडते.
वायू प्रदूषके:- ही प्रदूषके खालील पध्दतीने वेगळी केली जातात.
१)विरघळविणे
२)घन पदार्थावर चिकटवणे
३)जाळणे.
ह्या सर्व पध्दतीत पहिली पध्दत ही वापरण्यात सोपी व कमी खर्चाची आहे. बाकी पध्दती खर्चिक असल्याने त्यांचा वापर कमी केला जातो.

प्रदूषण नियंत्रण कायद्याप्रमाणे प्रदूषकांचे प्रमाण सभोवतालच्या हवेत जास्तीत जास्त किती असावे हे ठरवून दिले आहे.

क्षेत्र प्रमाण मायक्रो ग्रॅम प्रतिघनमिटर हवे मध्ये
--------------------------------------
धुलीकण सल्फरडायक्साईड कार्बनमोनोक्साईड नायट्रोजनडायऑक्साईड -----------------------------------------------
१) औद्योगिक ५०० १२० ५००० १२०
२) औद्योगिक शहरी राहणी २०० ८० २००० ८०
(संमिश्र)
३) महत्त्वाची ठिकाणे १०० ८० १००० ३०
(तीर्थक्षेत्र, दवाखाना इ.)
१ मि. ग्रॅम.=१००० मायक्रो ग्रॅम

हवा प्रदूषणाचे परिणाम:-
१)मानवाच्या बाबतीत प्रमुख रोग हे श्वसन मार्गास आणि फुफ्फूसाला होतात. त्याच प्रमाणे दमा, क्रॅन्सर, बेशुध्द पडणे, घसा खवखवणे, डोळयातुन पाणी येणे इ. विकार होतात.
२)वसस्पतींच्या बाबतीत त्यांची वाढ खुटंणे, पाने वाळणे, वाकणे, झाड मरून जाणे किंवा उत्पन्न कमी येणे इत्यादी परिणाम होतात.
३)हवा प्रदूषणामुळे इमारतीचे नुकसान होणे, रंग बदलणे, वस्तुंची शक्ती कमी होणे, त्यांचे आयुष्य घटणे इत्यादी गोष्टी घडू शकतात.
४)दूषित हवेमुळे वातावरणातील तापमान वाढते व त्याचा परिणाम हवामानावर तसेच पावसावर होतो.

Don't leave the last chance of compromise

World is full of conflicts. Conflicts of ideas, intentions and beliefs. Both sides view to the situation from opposite sides. They feel that the truth is on their side and cannot comprehend that other party also has similar firm opinion about their stand.

Unfortunately, both may be correct in their presumption to some extent. Because, many a times, the truth is like a coin with two sides and we can see only part of it any time. It is always advisable that we try to understand the opposite party's point of view and refine our understanding of whole truth. This also provides an opportunity for us to convince other party about our views and provide a last chance of avoiding conflict. Face to face discussion without any prejudice is a wise step to avoid conflict and its bad consequences.

War is a destructive brute force to impose our version of truth. Legal fight is preferable compared to war, as it is only a third party intervention to decide what is truth on the basis of established norms laid down by law. Here again, interpretation of law is a controversial subject and legal fight continues from lower level to highest level, depending on the determination and resources available with both parties. Time and money is lost in such long drawn legal battles. The final decision always creates win-loose situation. More important fact is the intention of fight may loose its relevance in the process.

If we are sure about our conception of truth, why not invite the other party for open face to face discussion. to resolve the conflict. If other party also feels that their view is correct will respond positively to the proposal. However, discussion can lead to amicable solution if both parties are ready to examine the facts without prejudice or self interest. If this happens, there is possibility to grasp and accept the truth by both sides leading to win-win situation.

Hence, before resorting to war or legal fight always give a chance to compromise.

खार्‍या पाण्यापासून गोडे पाणी

खार्‍या पाण्यापासून गोडे पाणी मिळविण्याचे नवे तंत्रज्ञान - प्रतिरसाकर्षण
पावसाचे पाणी शुद्ध असले तरी चातकासारखे ते आपल्याला वरच्यावर झेलून घेता येत नाही. ते जमिनीवर पडले की त्यात माती, सेंद्रिय पदार्थ व क्षार मिसळून ते दूषित होते. नदीनाल्यातील पाणी गढूळ असते व वापरण्यापूर्वी ते गाळून घ्यावे लागते. जमिनीखालचे पाणी स्वच्छ दिसले तरी त्यात क्षार विरघळलेले असतात. जलशुद्धीकरण व्यवस्थेत पाण्यातील क्षार वेगळे केले जात नाहीत. पाणी खारे असेल (उदा. समुद्राचे पाणी) तर ते आपणास पिण्यासाठी वापरता येत नाही.

खारे पाणी - समुद्राच्या पाण्यात एकूण विद्राव्य क्षार ३५००० मि. ग्रॅ./लि. एवढे असतात. त्यातील ३०००० मि. ग्रॅ./लि. मीठ किंवा सोडियम क्लोराईड असते. पिण्याच्या पाण्यासाठी विद्राव्य क्षार ५०० मि. ग्रॅ./लि.व क्लोराईड २०० मि. ग्रॅ./लि. पेक्षा कमी असणे इष्ट असते. त्यामुळे समुद्राचे पाणी त्यातील क्षार काढून टाकल्याखेरीज पिण्यायोग्य होऊ शकत नाही. समुद्रकाठच्या भागातील विहिरींच्या पाण्यात क्षारांचे प्रमाण ५००० ते १०००० मि. ग्रॅ./लि. आढळते. शेतीसाठी जास्त पाणी व खते वापरल्याने जमिनीतील क्षारांचे प्रमाण वाढून तेथील विहिरींचे पाणी पिण्यास वा शेतीसही निरुपयोगी होत आहे. अशा पाण्यात क्षारांचे प्रमाण २००० ते ५००० मि. ग्रॅ./लि. एवढे वाढलेले आढळते.

खार्‍या पाण्यापासून गोडे पाणी मिळविणे ही अतिशय कठीण व खर्चिक गोष्ट आहे. पृथ्वीवर समुद्राच्या स्वरूपात पाण्याचा फार मोठा साठा आहे तरी ते पाणी खारे आहे. यामुळेच जहाजावरील लोकांची पाणीच पाणी चहूकडे, पिण्यास थेंबही नसे रे अशी स्थिती होते. पाण्याचे ऊर्ध्वपातन करून शुद्ध पाणी मिळविता येते. परंतु त्यासाठी प्रचंड खर्च व ऊर्जा लागते. आता ही किमया करणारे नसे तंत्रज्ञान विकसित झाले आहे. त्याचे नाव प्रतिरसाकर्षण किंवा रिव्हर्स ऑस्मॉसिस.

रसाकर्षण - मनुक पाण्यात टाकली की ती थोड्या वेळात फुगते ही गोष्ट आपण अनुभवली असेल. पाणी मनुकेत शिरल्यामुळे असे झाले हे उघड आहे. मात्र साखरेच्या पाकात द्राक्ष टाकले तर ते आक्रसून जाते. असे का होते हे कोडे चटकन लक्षात येत नाही. द्राक्षातले पाणी पाकात शिरून द्राक्षाची मनुक होते. एके ठिकाणी पाणी बाहेरून आत तर दुसर्‍या ठिकाणी पाणी आतून बाहेर जाते. पाण्याच्या प्रवाहाची दिशा कशामुळे ठरते ? असा आपणास प्रश्न पडेल तर रसाकर्षण हे त्याचे उत्तर होय. द्राक्षाच्या सालीच्या आत व बाहेर पाण्याची घनता वेगळी असली की पाणी जास्त घनतेकडून कमी घनतेकडे वाहते. उंचावरचे पाणी खालच्या बाजूस वाहते तशीच ही क्रिया आहे. द्राक्षाची साल जास्त महत्वाची भूमिका बजावते. वनस्पतीची मुळे याच प्रकारची असतात. मुळातील पेशींमध्ये क्षाराचे प्रमाण जास्त असल्याने मातीतील पाणी मुळांमध्ये शोषले जाते. या क्रियेलाच रसाकर्षण असे म्हणतात.
मुळांच्या वा द्राक्षाच्या सालींमधून क्षार आरपार जाऊ शकतात. मात्र साखरेसारखे मोठे रेणू जाऊ शकत नाहीत. त्यामुळे वनस्पती आवश्यक ते क्षार जमिनीतून शोषून घेऊ शकतात. खार्‍या पाण्यात क्षार असल्याने त्यांना प्रतिबंध करण्यासाठी अर्ध पारगम्य असणार्‍या क्षाररोधक पडद्याचा वापर करावा लागतो.

प्रतिरसाकर्षण (रिव्हर्स ऑस्मॉसिस) - रसाकर्षणाच्या वरील गुणधर्माचा उपयोग करून मानवाने खार्‍या पाण्यापासून गोडे पाणी मिळविण्याची पद्धत विकसित केली आहे. विशिष्ट क्षाररोधक पडदा मध्ये ठेवून एका बाजूस खारे पाणी व दुसर्‍या बाजूस गोडे पाणी ठेवले तर रसाकर्षणाच्या तत्वानुसार गोडे पाणी क्षाररोधक पडद्यातून खार्‍या पाण्याकडे जाईल. आकृती १ मध्ये दाखविल्याप्रमाणे मधल्या नळीत खारे पाणी असल्यास बाहेरचे खारे पाणी गोड्या पाण्यात शिरून नळीतील पाण्याची पातळी वाढेल. या पाण्याज्या उंचीलाच रसाकर्षण-दाब असे म्हणतात. नळीताल पाण्यावरील दट्ट्यावर या दाबापेक्षा जास्त दाब दिला (आकृती २ पहा) तर पाणी उलट दिशेने म्हणजे खार्‍या पाण्याकडून गोड्या पाण्याकडे ढकलले जाईल. यालाच प्रतिरसाकर्षण असे म्हणतात. पडद्यातून क्षार पलिकडे जाऊ शकत नाहीत. त्यामुळे काही खार्‍या पाण्याचे गोड्या पाण्यात रूपांतर होईल. खार्‍या पाण्याचा खारेपणा अधिक वाढेल व ते टाकून द्यावे लागेल. अशा रीतीने प्रतिरसाकर्षणाचा उपयोग करून खार्‍या पाण्याचे गोड्या पाण्यात रूपांतर केले जाते.

वेगवेगळे पदार्थ रेणूंच्या आकारानुसार पाण्यातून काढून टाकण्यासाठी सूक्ष्म छिद्रे असणारे पडदे वापरले जातात. त्यांचे कार्य गाळण्याचे असल्याने त्यांना अतिसूक्ष्म गाळक म्हणतात. प्रतिरसाकर्षणाचे पडदे अशा अतिसूक्ष्म गाळकांपेक्षा फार निराळे असतात. त्यांना अर्धपारगम्य पडदे असे म्हणतात.

संशोधन - १९५० साली अमेरिकेतील फ्लोरिडा युनिव्हर्सिटीच्या रीड, ब्रेंटन इ. शास्त्रज्ञांनी सेल्यूलोज अॅसिटेटचा पडदा तयार करून त्याने पाण्यातील क्षार अडविले जातात हे सिद्ध केले. त्यानंतर लगेच क्रॅलिफोर्निया युनिव्हर्सिटीतील लोएब व सोराईराजन यांनी असा पडदा तयार करण्याचे नवे तंत्र विकसित करून ४० ते ५० बार दाबाखाली दिवसाला दर चौ.मी. पडद्यातून ५०० ते १००० लिटर गोडे पाणी मिळविता येते हे दाखवून दिले. यावेळी ९५% क्षार पडद्यामुळे अडविले गेले.

भारताला विस्तृत समुद्रकिनारा लाभला आहे. पाण्याचेही दुर्भिक्ष आहे. खार्‍या पाण्यावर संशोधन करण्यासाठी गुजराथमधील भावनगर येथे सेंट्न्ल सॉल्ट अॅण्ड मरीन इस्टिट्यूट स्थापन करण्यात आलेली आहे. प्रतिरसाकर्षण यंत्रणेवर तेथे संशोधन चालू आहे. सध्या विहिरीतील जास्त क्षार असलेल्या पाण्यापासून पिण्यायोग्य पाणी मिळविण्यात संस्थेला यश आले असून ग्रामीण भागातील पाण्याची समस्या त्यामुळे सुटणार आहे. नीरी, नागपूर येथेही सेल्यूलोज अॅसिटेटचा पडदा तयार करण्याचे तंत्रज्ञान विकसित झाले आहे.

समुद्राच्या पाण्याचा रसाकर्षण दाब २० बार म्हणजे हवेच्या दाबाच्या २० पट असतो. शिवाय पाणी शुद्ध होत असताना खार्‍या पाण्याचा खारेपणा वाढत असल्याने रसाकर्षण दाबही वाढत जातो. त्यामुळे प्रतिरसाकर्षण यंत्रणा ६० ते ७० बार एवढ्या दाबावर चालवावी लागते. विहिरीच्या पाण्यातील क्षार काढण्यासाठी १५ ते ३० बार एवढा दाब पुरेसा होतो. क्षाररोधक पडदा नाजुक असल्याने प्रचंड दाबाखाली तो फाटू नये म्हणून त्याला आधारासाठी प्लॅस्टिकची जाळी वापरली जाते. प्रवाह मंद असल्याने खूप मोठा पृष्ठभाग वापरावा लागतो. यासाठी वेगवेगळया प्रकारचे पडदे वापरले जातात.

१. सूक्ष्म धागे - हे धागे केसापेक्षा बारीक असून आतून पोकळ असतात. धाग्याबाहेर खारेे पाणी तर आत गोडे पाणी असते. सेल्यूलोज अॅसिटेटशिवाय पॉलिव्हिनॉईल अल्कोहोल व पॉलिअमाईड यांचे ते पडदे बनविलेले असतात.

२. सपाट पडदा वा गुंडाळी पडदा - सपाट पडदा व आधारासाठी प्लॅस्टिकची जाळी यांचे एकाआड एक थर देऊन सपाट वा गुंडाळी स्वरूपात याची रचना केलेली असते. आकृती ३ मध्ये दाखविल्याप्रमाणे खारे पाणी, गोडे पाणी व अतिखारे पाणी यांचे नळ असतात.

३. नळीच्या स्वरूपात - १२ मि. मी. ते २५ मि. मी.व्यासाच्या नळयांच्या स्वरूपात पडदे तयार करण्यात येतात. अशा प्रकारची रचना गढूळ पाण्यासाठी जास्त उपयुक्त असते. कारण पाण्याचा ब्रवाह सोडून या नळया स्वच्छ करता येतात. अर्थात येथे पृष्ठभाग छोटा असल्याने फार कमी गोडे पाणी मिळू शकते.

पूर्व प्रक्रिया - प्रतिरसाकर्षणयंत्रणेच्या संकल्पनेसाठी रसायनशास्त्र व सूक्ष्म जीवशास्त्र याचबरोबर पडद्यावर साठणारे क्षारांचे थर वा जिवाणूंमुळे पडद्यावर होणारी कुजण्याची क्रिया यांचे चांगले ज्ञान असावे लागते. पाण्याचा गढूळपणा, त्यात विरघळलेले वायू, तापमान, पी. एच्. क्लोरीन, क्षारांचे प्रमाण व पडद्याची गाळणक्षमता यांची माहिती असावी लागते. या माहितीवरून पाण्यावर प्रथम कोणत्या प्रक्रिया करणे आवश्यक आहे ते ठरविता येते. पाणी गाळणे, वायुवीजन, रेझिन थरातून गाळणे या प्रक्रिया केल्यास प्रतिरसाकर्षणाचे कार्य व्यवस्थित चालते आणि पडद्याची हानी होत नाही. पडद्यावर क्रॅल्शियम कार्बोनेटचा थर बसू नये म्हणून आम्ल व आवश्यक भासल्यास फॉस्फेट मिसळले जाते. प्रतिरसाकर्षणासाठी वापरावयाच्या खार्‍या पाण्याचे गुणधर्म खालीलप्रमाणे असावेत.

लोह ०.१ मि. ग्रॅ. / लि. पेक्षा कमी
मँगेनीज ०.०५ मि. ग्रॅ. / लि. पेक्षा कमी
क्लोरीन ०.१ मि. ग्रॅ. / लि. पेक्षा कमी
गढूळपणा अजिबात नसावा. (गाळणे आवश्यक)


गोडे पाणी कमी असणार्‍या मध्यपूर्वेतील देशांमध्ये प्रतिरसाकर्षणाच्या तत्वावर चालणार्‍या मोठ्या यंत्रणा उभारण्यात आल्या असून तेथे समुद्राच्या पाण्यापासून गोडे पाणी बनविण्यात येते. प्रतिरसाकर्षणाचे भविष्याकाळातील महत्व ओळखून अनेक परदेशी कंपन्या यात संशोधन करीत असून त्या असे तंत्रज्ञान पुरविण्यास तयार झाल्या आहेत. भारतानेही यात पुढाकार घेणे आवश्यक आहे.

इतर उपयोग - प्रतिरसाकर्षणाचा उपयोग आता विविध क्षेत्रात होऊ लागला आहे. उद्योगधंद्यातून व कारखान्यातून बाहेर पडणार्‍या सांडपाण्यातील दूषित द्रव्ये वेगळी करून पाणी शुद्ध करणे या तंत्रज्ञानाने शक्य झाल्याने प्रदूषण टाळून पाण्याचा पुनर्वापर करता येऊ लागला आहे. औषध निर्मिती, फळांचे रस, मद्यार्क, दूध आणि इतर अन्नप्रक्रिया केंद्रामध्येही या तंत्रज्ञानाचा वाढता उपयोग होऊ लागला आहे. प्रतिरसाकर्षण हे मानवाला एक नवीन वरदानच लाभले आहे.

World without you

(जन पळभर Jan palabhara is a famous marathi poem written by well known poet late B. R. Tambe. He has brought out an eternal truth about life and death. I have tried to translate it.

Message of poem - People will express grief momentarily and will start doing their work in the same joyful manner as before after your death. No work will stop. loss of your life will not create any irreparable damage to the world. Only for a very short time there will be expression of sorrow. Your friends and beloved ones will laugh and enjoy in the same manner as before. Nothing will change. Hence, why one should worry about the world or get emotional. It is better to pray God and seek happiness in ones own life rather than worrying about others. )

Original Marathi poem
जन पळभर

जन पळभर म्हणतिल ‘हाय हाय’
जन पळभर म्हणतिल ‘हाय हाय’
मी जाता राहिल कार्य काय?

सूर्य तळपतिल, चंद्र झळकतिल,
तारे अपुला क्रम आचरतिल,
असेच वारे पुढे वाहतिल,
होईल काहि का अंतराय?

मेघ वर्षतिल, शेतें पिकतिल,
गर्वाने या नद्या वाहतिल,
कुणा काळजी की न उमटतिल
पुन्हा तटावर हेच पाय?

सखेसोयरे डोळे पुसतिल,
पुन्हा आपुल्या कामि लागतिल
उठतिल, बसतिल, हसुनि खिदळतिल
मी जातां त्यांचे काय जाय?

रामकृष्णही आले, गेले
त्यांविण जग का ओसचि पडले?
कुणी सदोदित सूतक धरिले?
मग काय अटकले मजशिवाय?

अशा जगास्तव काय कुढावे?
मोहि कुणाच्या कां गुंतावे?
हरिदूता कां विन्मुख व्हावे?
कां जिरवुं नये शांतीत काय?

भा. रा. तांबे

My Translation


People will express sorrow momentarily (after my death)
I wonder, what would happen to my unfinished work
( I simply can't imagine that world would be able to survive without me)

( But in reality)
Sun will (continue to) bleam, moon will shine
Stars will follow their usual path
Winds will continue to blow in same fashion
Can there be any lapse in their routine?

Clouds will (give) rain, crops will grow
Rivers will flow in same vigor
Nobody would worry about the fact
that my feet will not create impressions on their banks

Relatives will wipe the tears from their eyes
and start working as before
They would stand and sit, smile and laugh
They would not loose anything, even if I go

Even Lord Rama and Lord Krishna came to the world
and passed away
World did not turn blank and void after they are gone
Nobody continued to remain engrossed in that sorrow
Then, how anything will stop with my going

Why then, one should worry about this world?
Why should get obsessed in some dear one?
Why should forget the God almighty.?
Why not spend time in peace with prayers for self?

Roots of corruption

Corruption, though ridiculed by everybody, has amazing property of high efficiency of execution and always outsmarts the honest efforts.

I had a peculiar eye opening experience in this regard. I was studying in IIT, Kanpur for my Ph.D. My project was on up-gradation of waterworks in Kanpur city. I used to go regularly to waterworks and was quite impressed by the cleanliness, regularity and honesty of workers and overall best management of the plant. I soon realized that the chief administrative officer of the plant was very tough, took personal interest in every work and did not tolerate any lapses from workers and kept everybody strictly under his direct control. Workers were afraid of him and tried to be punctual, obedient and honest to avoid any disciplinary action. Nobody dared to speak against him. He gave high respect to me and encouraged me for research. He used to invite many top level people to visit the plant, show them water treatment plant & my research project as his own achievement. I never objected to it and was quite happy. Everything was well.

As I came in close contact with workers, I heard rumors that the boss was most corrupt and showing the efficiency to only get favors from his bosses. I did not believe in those gossips and felt that it was result of their natural reaction to his tormenting supervision.

However, a complete change in the situation occurred when that officer was promoted and new officer took charge of the plant. He was soft spoken, with clean record, having full faith in high ideals both in thought and action. He soon became very popular in workers as a good compassionate manager. All workers praised him as the honest and kind man. I personally developed good relation with him and used to discuss with him on social and management issues apart from my technical work.

But the change I saw in the plant performance after some days made me restless. Workers became lazy or absconded the duties, Cleanliness was gone, lower officers became corrupt. At that time, I was a sort of 'rebelious child' as per the transactional analysis explained in book 'I am OK, You are OK'. I thought that something is terribaly wrong with the new management and I must express my opinion to him. One day, I went to his house which was in the same premises. He was reading Geeta. I waited till he finished reading and then abruptly asked him, whether he was aware of deteriorating condition of plant management and rampant corruption in lower cadres.

He told that he respects his workers sense of honesty and duty but does not want to enforce it externally. He also said that he is not aware of corruption and even if they are doing so, they would be responsible for their mistakes and will have to face the consequences and why he should worry. He expressed a view that one should be strict about oneself but leneant about others. He told his firm belief in working without any expectation of returns () and asked me whether I doubt his integrity or actions. I exclaimed in negative but told that he must intervene and become strict with the workers. He declined my suggestion. He was honest to the core and worked full time. He was praised as `Mr. Clean Man', nobody ever doubted his sincerity and he wanted to keep that image and good relations to lower staff. But what was the ultimate result. He was good man but bad manager. There was total failure in his management. It was like proverb, `operation is successful, but patient is dead'.

I remember the story of Dhrutarashtra in Mahabharata, where he could not control Kauravas. In today's politics, we come across similar examples, where honest people in authority overlook their subordinate's corruption and try to remain aloof and protect their own image. Unfortunately, these people become the protecting cover for the corrupt people to hide and continue their work.

One of my colleague, who was administering one private college, was quite open on this issue. He used to justify that as any machine requires oil or grease for smooth running, corruption is necessary for efficient management. It is a driving force for people in authority to act. The salary or legitimate remuneration can't do this job as that is not linked directly to efficiency in work.

Private businesses use this tactic to control their staff and keep them efficient by giving task targets, linking salary with efficiency and threat of getting fired from the service. Still the top bosses of these companies and corporates employ corrupt practices for personal or company gains even though they get high remuneration. Company if public limited can force the chairman to resign if shareholders reveal that his actions are against interests of company.

The political leaders, in our democratic system, have all authority to use public funds, they have to act as effective managers, but do not get any legitimate remuneration to the tune of company managers. Naturally, the leaders exploit their powers to collect wealth by resorting corrupt means. People have a chance to overthrow such leaders or political parties through elections, but it is observed that the new replaced leaders again start the same game of fund diversion for personal gains. People have accepted its inevitability and fall pray to it due to personal greed or genuine need.

I feel that if corruption is to be eradicated, serious discussion should be held to prevent it by investigating the reasons and situations which prompt such unhealthy practice. Mere fear of exposure is not enough, as the corruption is always double handed game and its exposure is remote possibility, unless one party exposes it. The roots of corruption are securely embedded and remain hidden in mistakes and negligence of some honest people.

सत्ता सत्य ठरवू शकत नाही तर सत्य हे सत्ता ठरविते.

आपल्याला असे वाटते की संपत्ती, अधिकार व सत्ता काय खरे व काय खोटे हे ठरवू शकतात. कारण माणसांची बुद्धीच काय पण मनेही सहज विकत घेता येतात व सत्ताधीशाचीही अशी समजूत असते की तो जे सांगतो ते सत्य म्हणून सर्वांनी स्वीकारावे. मात्र प्रत्यक्षात अनुभव असा येतो की सुरुवातीच्या काळात सत्ताधीशाला यश आल्याचे दिसत असले तरी शेवटी सत्याचाच विजय होतो व सत्यच सत्ताधीश ठरविते.म्हणूनच आपण म्हणतो. ‘सत्यमेव जयते।’.

आज इजिप्तमध्ये जे घडत आहे हे त्याचेच निदर्शक आहे. सर्व सत्ताधीश होस्नी मुबारकांच्याविरुद्ध सामान्य जनतेने अत्याचार व पोलिसी दडपशाहीला न जुमानता उठाव केला व सत्ताधीशावर पाय उतार होण्याची वेळ येऊन ठेपली. महात्मा गांधी यांनीही आपल्या शांततामय सत्याग्रहाच्या जोरावर ब्रिटीश राज्यसत्तेला भारतातून हाकलून लावले.

महापराक्रमी रावणाने सीतेला पळवून नेले. आपल्या सत्तेच्या व संपत्तीच्या जोरावर सीतेला वश करण्याचे स्वप्न तो पाहू लागला. मात्र सीतेने त्याला झिडकारले एवढेच नव्हे तर रामाने माकडांच्या सेनेची मदत घेऊन रावणाचे सोन्याच्या लंकेतील राज्य नेस्तनाबूत केले. श्रीकृष्णाकडून मागून घेतलेल्या अवाढव्य सेनेच्या मदतीने पांडवांचा सहज पराभव करता येईल असे कौरवांना वाटले होते. मात्र पांडवाम्ची बाजू सत्याची असल्याने श्रीकृष्ण स्वतः त्यांच्याबाजूने उभा राहिला व या युद्धात कौरवांचा पराभव झाला.

जगातील सर्व अशा प्रकारच्या गोष्टींमध्ये योग्य कारणासाठी सत्ताधीश व प्रबळ शत्रूशी संघर्ष करणार्‍या गरीब व दुबळ्या लोकांचाच विजय होतो हे दर्शविलेले असते. डेव्हीड आणी गोलियाथ ही प्रसिद्ध गोष्ट सर्वांना माहीत आहेच. एवढेच काय उंदीर-मांजर वा मांजर-कुत्रा या जोड्यांवर आधारित कॉमिक चित्रकथातूनही हाच संदेश दिला जातो.

हे सर्वांना ठाऊक असले तरी सत्ताधीश इतरांवर आपली मते लादण्याचा, जमिनी व संपत्ती बळकावण्याचा प्रयत्न करीतच असतात हे खेदाने नमूद करावेसे वाटते. अर्थात यात त्यांनाही दोष देता येणार नाही. कारण त्यांचे म्हणणे खरे आहे व कृती योग्य आहे अशी भ्रामक समजूत त्यांच्या भोवतालचे स्वार्थी स्तुतीपाठक व पगारी सेवक त्याना करून देत असतात.
याचे मूळ शोधण्याचा प्रयत्न केल्यास बळाच्या वा आमिषाच्या जोरावर अधिक सत्ता मिळविण्याचा हव्यास करणे ही सत्ताधीशाची मानसिकताच बनलेली असते असे लक्षात येते. या हव्यासाच्या धुंदीत पैसा, अधिकार व सत्ता यांचे एकत्रीकरण चिरस्थायी कधीच होऊ शकत नाही व त्याचा र्‍हास अटळ आहे हे सत्ताधीशास समजत नाही.

यावर उपाय म्हणजे स्वार्थी विचारांपासून फारकत घेऊन सत्य परिस्थितीची जाणीव करून घेणे व त्याचा उदार अंतःकरणाने स्वीकार करणे. असे झाले तर निष्कारण होणारे संघर्ष, अत्याचार, दडपशाही, अन्याय यांना आळा बसेल व हट्टाग्रहापोटी होणारे प्रचंड आर्थिक नुकसान वा पूर्ण विनाश टाळता येईल.

म्हणून सर्वांनी हे लक्षात ठेवावे की सत्ता सत्य ठरवू शकत नाही तर सत्य हे स्वयंभू असते व तेच सत्ता ठरविते.

Might is not right, Right is Might.

We presume that wealth, authority and power succeed in deciding what is right and what is wrong. Minds and brains of people can be easily purchased and employeed to prove the actions of mighty person or organisation to be right. However, their attempt though found to be successful in initial stages, it is the truth that proves to be mightier than such attempts. That is why we say Satyamev Jayate (सत्यमेव जयते।).

Whatever is happening in Egypt is indicative of that. People have revolted against all powerful government without fearing for the oppressive efforts and armed police force. Mahatma Gandhi could drive out British Empire from India throuh peaceful struggle.

Ravana abducted Sita and was assuming that he can win over her. But he was wrong. Not only Sita refused him, Rama destroyed his empire with army of monkeys. Kauravas were thinking that they can defeat Padawas with giant army borrowed from Lord Krishna, but truth and real God Krishna was on the side of Pandavas. hence Kouravas were defeated.

In all stories in the entire world, it is depicted that weakest and poorest win the battle with strongest and wealthy if they are fighting for real cause. See the famous story of David and Goliath. Even the comics of mouse and cat, or cat and dog give the same message.

Still it is seen, that the mighty continue to thrust their opinions, grab properties or think that what they are doing is right. In fact, the mighty are not to be blamed for this situation. The illusion of false reality or justification of their actions is done by the same people praising them or employeed by them. The cause of such behaviour by mighty may be traced to psychology of the entity which tries to dominate and greed to become more mightier. But it fails to realise that concentration of power, wealth or authority is always unstable and is bound to crumble down.

It is necessary therefore to eliniate oneself from selfish motives, examine what is reality and accept the truth. This would avoid all unnecessary clashes, violence, injustice and financial loss or total destruction of empire.

Everybody should understand that Right is Might and not whatever mighty does is right.