Bar Code and QR Code

A barcode is an optical, machine readable representation of data; the data usually describes something about the object that carries the barcode.
Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode

There are many online barcode generating utilities for creating different types of barcodes.

You can create Bar Code by using free online utility provided by http://barcode.tec-it.com/en

A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes to a computer. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones.

Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_reader

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A QR code uses four standardised encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and Kanji)  to efficiently store data. It consists of black squares arranged in a square grid on a white background, which can be read by an imaging device such as a camera, and processed using QR reader software until the image can be appropriately interpreted. The required data are then extracted from patterns that are present in both horizontal and vertical components of the image.

Generally, a smartphone is used as a QR code scanner, displaying the code and converting it to some useful form (such as a standard URL for a website.QR codes storing addresses and URLs may appear in magazines, on signs, on buses, on business cards, or on almost any object about which users might want information. Users  equipped with the correct reader application can scan the image of the QR code to display text, contact information, connect to a wireless network, or open a web page in the telephone's browser.
Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QRcode

You can create QR Code by using free online utility provided by http://qrcode.tec-it.com

Following is the QR code for visiting http://www.dnyandeep.com

माझी मराठी माऊली (maajhii maraaThii maaulii)

माझी मराठी माऊली  (maajhii maraaThii maaulii)
सार्‍या जगाची सावली (saaryaa jagaacii saavalii)
घरी गं माझ्या आली (gharii ga maajhyaa aalii)
माझी मराठी माऊली --- १(maajhii maraaThii maaulii ---1)

शालू सखूचा ल्यायिली (shaaluu sakhuucaa lyaayilii)
पैठणी बहिणाई आणिली (paiThaNii bahiNaaii aaNilii)
साऱ्या जगी देखणी (saaryaa jagii dekhaNii)
माझी मराठी माऊली --- २(maajhii maraaThii maaulii ---2)

चोळी जनीच्या हाताची (coLii janiicyaa haataacii)
जरी मुक्तीच्या काठाची (jarii muktiicyaa kaaThaacii)
अंगी मऊ मखमली (aMgii mauu makhamalii)
माझी मराठी माऊली ---- ३(maajhii maraaThii maaulii ----3)

हार नाम्याने घातला ( haar naamyaane ghaatalaa )
गजरा सावत्याने माळिला (gajaraa saavatyaane maaLilaa)
पैंजण नाथा घाली (paiMjaNa naathaa ghaalii)
माझी मराठी माऊली ---- ४(maajhii maraaThii maaulii ----4)

चुडा तुक्याने भरविला (cuDaa tukyaane bharavilaa)
मुकुट ज्ञान्याने चढविला ( mukuT dnyaanyaane caDhavilaa)
सकला हाती धरी ( sakalaa haatii dharii)
माझी मराठी माऊली ----५(maajhii maraaThii maaulii ----5) 

गजर करिती वारकरी (gajar karitii vaarakarii)
जमती विठूच्या नगरी (jamatii viThuucyaa nagarii)
पंढरी खरी दुमदुमली ( paMDharii kharii dumadumalii)
माझी मराठी माऊली ---- ६(maajhii maraaThii maaulii ----6)

माझी मराठी माऊली (maajhii maraaThii maaulii)
गंगा ज्ञानाची जाहली ( gangaa dnyaanaacii jaahalii)
दिगंतरासि निघाली ( digaMtaraasi nighaalii)
माझी मराठी माऊली ---- ७(maajhii maraaThii maaulii ----7)

Above poem is taken from Kavyadeep Poem book by Shubhangi Ranade. 

You can download the Kavyadeep App from Google play store.

चिमुकली चिऊताई (cimukalii ciutaaii)

चिमुकली चिऊताई(cimukalii ciutaaii)

कंटाळयाचे नाव नाही (kaMTaaLyaace naav naahii)

पंखाचा पदर बांधून (paMkhaacaa padar baamdhuun)

एकसारखी कामाची घाई -- १(ekasaarakhii kaamaacii ghaaii -1)

काय खाऊ काय खाऊ(kaay khaauu kaay khaauu )

म्हणत असतात कावळे भाऊ (mhaNat asataat kaavaLebhaauu)

संपत नाही हट्ट(saMpata naahii haTT)

म्हणून झाले आहेत मठ्ठ ---- २(mhNuun jhaale maThTh ----2)

पोपटदादा हिरवागार (popaTadaadaa hiravaagaar)

चोच याची बाकदार (coc yaacii baakadaar)

तिखट्ट मिरची खातो(tikhaTT miracii khaato)

तरी गोड गोड बोलतो ---- ३(tarii goD goD bolato)

कुत्रोपंत आलात काय ? (kutropaMt aalaat kaay ?)

शेपूट हलवून सांगतात काय ? (shepuuT halavuun saaMgataat kaay ?)

ताजी पोळी वरती साय (taajii poLii varatii saay)

खूप आवडती म्हणताय काय ? ---- ४(khuup aavaDatii mhaNataay kaay?----4)

Above poem is taken from Kavyadeep Poem book by Shubhangi Ranade. 

You can download the Kavyadeep App from Google play store.

आज्जी ग आज्जी (aajjii ga aajjii)

आज्जी ग आज्जी ( aajjii  ga aajjii )

तू लाडकी ना माझी ( tuu laaDakii naa maajhii )

गोष्ट मला सांग तू ( goShTa malaa saaMg tuu )

छान चिऊकाऊची ---- १ ( chaan ciukaauucii ----1)

आज्जी ग आज्जी ( aajjii  ga aajjii )

तू लाडकी ना माझी ( tuu laaDakii naa maajhii )

चिऊकाऊची शाळा ( ciuukaauucii shaaLaa )

असते तरी कुठची? ---- २ (asate tarii kuThacii? ---2)

आज्जी ग आज्जी (aajjii  ga aajjii)

तू लाडकी ना माझी (tuu laaDakii naa maajhii )

चिऊकाऊच्या या डब्यात (ciuukaauucyaa yaa Dabyaat)

असते का पोळीभाजी? ---- ३ (asate kaa poLiibhaajii ----3)

आज्जी ग आज्जी (aajjii  ga aajjii)

तू लाडकी ना माझी (tuu laaDakii naa maajhii )

चिऊकाऊला असतात का (ciuukaauulaa asataat kaa)

आज्जी नि बिज्जी ---- ४ (aajjii  ni bijjii)

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Above poem is taken from Kavyadeep Poem book by Shubhangi Ranade. 

You can download the Kavyadeep App from Google play store.

Shapes of English Characters

English Letters 
While working on Marathi letters to find similarity of shapes, I thought that such analysis can be applied to english characters also. It can be useful for kids learning English for the first time. English alphabet has two types of characters Capital Letters and small letters. English numbers are same for both scripts.



Capital Letters -

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

 They can be grouped as follows

 Vertical line   - I

Small horizontal line -  E F H L T

Slant line -  V W X

Vertical / Slant line - M N K Y

Vertical, Horizontal & Slant line  - A  Z

Circle - O Q

Big Curve - D C G U

Small curve - J P R B S

Small letters 

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Small shape of  Capital letters - c  o p s v w x z

Similar shape like Capital letters - f i j k l m

 Different shapes- a b d e g h q r

 English Numbers 

 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

 Straight lines - 1 4 7

 With curves -2 3 5

 With circles - 0 9 8

मराठी अक्षरांचा नवा खेळ

I have described the similarity of many Marathi characters based on shape. They can be grouped as follows.

Other characters also can be grouped based on similarity of shapes

There are two characters remaining viz. च(ca) and ज(ja). These two characters have opposite shapes. They resemble shape of spoon 

If we combine Marathi Ank and Characters, we can develop a rules for remembering and drawing shapes.

We can split these characters in different basic shapes like point,  small and long straight lines, small and large curves and small and large circles. We can construct all these characters.

Marathi letter construction game coupled with sound of characters  can become a great easy and interesting tool for kids.

मराठी अक्षरे व बाराखडी तक्ते

Similarity in shapes of Marathi Characters

I have written one blog about the similarities of shapes of different Marathi characters and had suggested that grouping of characters based on shape may prove to be useful for new learners of Marathi who can understand vocal Marathi but can't read and write.

I am giving below some groups indicating the similarity. If we concentrate on shape of basic character, it will be easy to learn other characters in that group.

However, as the grouping is based only on shape, the sounds they represent may vary widely. It is therefore necessary to remember the normal grouping based on phonetic sounds also.

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I have shown similar examples of other characters who are related to one basic shape.

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Learn to read ग (ga) म(ma) भ(bha) न (na)

To start learning to read Marathi characters, Let us first do Ganesh Pooja  by  saying and remembering following words

श्री गणेशाय नम: ।
 
The first characters we should learn to read are

ग (ga), म(ma), भ(bha) and  न (na).

This tradition might have come due to similarity in these character shapes and starting character representing

गणेश (gaNesha), the idol of intelligence.
 ग, म, भ, न
Compare these four characters. You will find progressive change in shape from ga to na
Try to remember both shape and pronunciation together.

Now search these characters from following words

गणेश gaNesh मराठी maraThI भजन bhajan नमन naman
नभ nabha, मन man,
Let us see how the vowels are pronunced.
अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ अं अः 

See how these characters change when combined with different vowels

ग ga गा gaa
गि gi गी gii
गु gu गू guu
गे ge गैgai
गो go गौ gau
गं gaM गः gaH

 Once you can read all variations of character with pronunciations like
ग  गा  गि  गी   गु  गू  गे  गै  गो  गौ  गं   गः

you can easily recognise and pronunce variations of all characters

म  मा  मि  मी  मु  मू  मे  मै  मो  मौ  मं  मः


भ  भा  भि  भी  भु  भू  भे  भै  भो  भौ  भं भः



न  ना  नि  नी  नु   नू   ने   नै   नो  नौ  नं  नः

Understanding Marathi through English script.

My grand-daughter Anusha  had sent a mail from USA  on 4-6-2013 about their visit to a Drama program where she explained story of Marathi Drama in English script ( Script composed by her mother Madhura)

I thought, I can use this example to illustrate the need of different scripting method for new learners.

I give below the mail and my translation in Marathi script.

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Dear aaji-aba

Mi kal Mugdhache natak baghayla gele hote. Mala to program khup avadla. Next time mi pan tyat kam karnar ahe. Tyat 2 natake ani gani ani dance hote. Pahilya natkat aaji lahan mulana moon vishayi sangat hoti. Apan kase rocket madhun planetvar jayacho tyachi mala athvan zali. Tyat natakatalya aaji ne sangitale ki moon rockey asto , kapsa sarkha nasto. tyavar sun cha light padla ki to pandhara disato.

Ani dusrya natakache nav hote 'sat sheptyacha undir'. Ek undir asato tyala rainbow chya colorchya sat shepatya astat. Eke divashi to khup excited asto karan to navin shalet janar asto. Pahilya divashi shala sutlyavar bakiche undir tyala vichratat ki tula kiti sheptya ahet. To mhanato 7. Mag sagle tyala chidvtat. Mag to radat ghari yeto ani aai la sangato. Mag aai tya mhante apan nhavi dada kade jaun ek shepati kapun yavu. mag dusare divashi to shalet jato tar te sagle tyala 6 shepotyacha undir mhanun chidvatat. ase karat karat to saglya shepatya kapto ani shalet jato tar te sagle tyala bin shepaticha undir mhanun chidvatat.

mag aai mhanate tu jar tyanchya chidvanyakade laska na deta , na radta rahila astas tar tuzya sati shepatya shillak rahilya astya. mag dusare divashi to shalet jato te sagle punha chidvayla lagtat tar to ajibat chidat nahi ani radat nahi mag sagli mule shant hotat ani tyache friend hotat.

ashi amhi khup maja keli.
tata
- Anusha

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It is seen that above script is easy to write and understand and can transmit the Marathi meaning to a person who knows phonetic equivalence of Marathi characters.

I tried to convert the  above mail in  Marathi keeping  English words as they are.

I could do the translation by using Devanagari Input tools available on web and mobile but I had to choose each appropriate word from number of pop up options.

I give below my translation of mail.

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Dear आजी-आबा,
मी  काल  मुग्धाचे  नाटक बघायला  गेले  होते. मला  तो program खूप आवडला. Next time मी पण  त्यात काम करणार  आहे. त्यात २ नाटके आणि  गाणी  आणि  dance होते. पहिल्या  नाटकात  आजी  लहान मुलाना moon विषयी  सांगत  होती.
आपण  कसे  rocket मधून  planet वर जायचो त्याची  मला आठवण  झाली.  त्यात नाटकातल्या   आजीने सांगितले  की  moon rocky   असतो. कापसासारखा  नसतो. त्यावर  sun चा light  पडला  की  तो पांढरा दिसतो

आणि दुसऱ्या  नाटकाचे  नाव होते  ‘सात शेपट्याचा उंदीर  ‘.  एक उंदीर असतो. त्याला rainbow च्या  color च्या सात शेपट्या असतात.  एक दिवशी  तो खूप  excited  असतो. कारण तो नवीन शाळेत  जाणार असतो. पहिल्या दिवशी शाळा  सुटल्यावर बाकीचे  उंदीर त्याला विचारतात की  तुला  किती  शेपट्या आहेत तो म्हणतो  ७ . मग सगळे त्याला चिडवतात  मग तो रडत  घरी  येतो आणि  आईला सांगतो  मग आई त्याला  म्हणते  आपण  न्हावी दादाकडे  जाऊन  एक शेपटी  कापून  येऊ.
मग दूसरे दिवशी तो  शाळेत  जातो तर ते सगळे त्याला ६ शेपट्याचा   उंदीर  म्हणून  चिडवतात,   असे  करत   करत  तो  सगळ्या  शेपट्या कापतो  आणि  शाळेत  जातो.  तर ते सगळे बिन  शेपट्याचा  उंदीर  म्हणून  चिडवतात
मग आई  म्हणते  तू  जर  त्यांच्या  चिडवण्याकडे  लक्ष  न  देता न  रडता  राहिला असतास  तर तुझ्या  सातही   शेपट्या शिल्लक  राहिल्या  असत्या  मग  दुसरे  दिवशी तो  शाळेत  जातो  ते सगळे पुनः चिडवायला  लागतात  तर तो अजिबात  चिडत  नाही  आणि  रडत  नाही मग सगळी  मुले शांत  होतात आणि  त्याचे  friend होतात.  अशी आम्ही  खूप  मजा  केली
टाटा
- अनुषा

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It should be noted that choice of option was possible because I knew the Marathi Characters and their phonetic properties.

However, for a new learner of Marathi characters, this system is not useful. If he tries to translate English script, he would need one to one correspondence between Marathi character and its English equivalence.

Hence we have to use  specific English characters which will  represent one and only one specific Marathi character.

I had suggested to use all capital letters for Marathi characters in my earlier blogs, but I think it would be more cumbersome to write and read only capital letters.

Hence small letters can be used with convenience in place of capital letters. Only in case of some letters We have to use Capital letters to differentiate characters.

Revised system can be as follows

अ  आ   इ      ई    उ    ऊ    ऋ     ए    ऐ    ओ    औ     अं       अः
a   aa   i      ii     u    uu   Ru   e     ai    o     au     aM    aH

क ख ग घ ङ
ka kha    ga    gha    nga

च छ ज झ ञ
ca      cha    ja     jha     nya

ट ठ ड ढ ण
Ta     Tha   Da    Dha   Na 

त थ द ध न
ta      tha    da     dha     na 

प फ ब भ म
pa     pha   ba      bha     ma

य र ल व श
ya     ra      la      va     sha

ष      स ह     ळ        क्ष          ज्ञ
Sha  sa      ha    La      ksha     dnya

 त्र         श्र
 tra      shra

Moreover, at the end of word consonant need not be attached with a to make character as it is implied in Marathi. ( In Sanskrit, such a is necessary) 

 For example 
नाटक could be written as naaTak instead of naaTaka

Relation between Shape of character and Font Type

You might have noticed that the character maps of different fonts show varying shapes of characters and new shapes for Devanagari and Marathi characters which are not defined or linked to in standard Unicode code points.

The example is the display of consonants or  complex characters where combination of consonants is replaced by entirely new shape character.

There are many new characters like क्ष, ज्ञ, त्र, श्र which represent complex characters.

In order to understand the technology of rendering different shapes for characters on screen or print media, we should study the structural design of font and font types.

Shape of a particular character is  defined by   Glyph Data Structure.

Simple glyph data structure defines all contours that comprise a glyph outline, which are presented by a sequence of on- and off-curve coordinate points. These point coordinates are encoded as delta values representing the incremental values between the previous and current corresponding X and Y coordinates of a point, the first point of each outline is relative to (0,0) point.

To minimise the size of the dataset of point coordinate values, each point is presented as a
(flag, xCoordinate, yCoordinate) triplet.

The flag value is stored in a separate data stream and the coordinate values are stored as part of the glyph data stream using a variable-length encoding format consuming a total of 2-5 bytes per point.

PostScript fonts

PostScript or Type 1 fonts were developed by Adobe in 1985 for use with their PostScript printers. Initially, this font technology was available only from Adobe. 

True Type Font

TrueType is a registered trademark of Apple, Inc.
(Ref: https://developer.apple.com/fonts/TrueType-Reference-Manual/)

TrueType font engine, the software that converts the information in a TrueType font into a raster image suitable for display on screen or printer.

Rasterizing a glyph outline is a multi-step process that proceeds as follows:


The master outline description of the glyph is scaled to the appropriate size.

• The scaled outline is grid-fitted according to its associated instructions.
• The grid-fitted outline is scan converted to produce a bitmap image suitable for raster display.

Open Type Font 

OpenType is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
(Ref: https://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/otover.htm)

The OpenType font format is an extension of the TrueType font format, adding support for PostScript font data. The OpenType font format was developed jointly by Microsoft and Adobe.

OpenType fonts and the operating system services which support OpenType fonts provide users with a simple way to install and use fonts, whether the fonts contain TrueType outlines or PostScript outlines.

The OpenType font format addresses the following goals:

* broader multi-platform support
* better support for international character sets
* better protection for font data
* smaller file sizes to make font distribution more efficient
* broader support for advanced typographic control

OpenType fonts are also referred to as TrueType Open v.2.0 fonts.

PostScript data included in OpenType fonts may be directly rasterized or converted to the TrueType outline format for rendering, depending on which rasterizers have been installed in the host operating system.

The OpenType Layout tables contain information on glyph substitution, glyph positioning, justification, and baseline positioning, enabling text-processing applications to improve text layout.

Font shorthand Property

The font shorthand property sets all the font properties in one declaration. 

The font-size and font-family values are required. If one of the other values are missing, the default values will be inserted, if any. Note: The line-height property sets the space between lines.

The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the browser does not support the first font, it tries the next font, and so on.

Marathi Font Character Maps

Some samples of different Marathi Fonts
You can download many such  fonts from http://hindi-fonts.com/

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Marathi Unicode Fonts

UTF-8 encoding has decided the byte coding system to represent font glyphs for different languages. However, the actual font shapes ( Glyphs) can vary.

There are many proprietary fonts available like Shree-Lipi, Kruti Dev, APS for printing Marathi characters in various styles useful for printing. There are dynamic web fonts available, which are downloaded when we see the page with that font style.

In order to see any font, it must be installed on the computer or viewing device. For webpage, the browser should support Unicode font rendering.

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Windows OS platform

Mangal is a Windows font and is available in Windows XP onwards

Arial Unicode MS is typically available as part of MS Office.

Aprajita is a Windows font and is available in Windows 7 onwards

Free download Shivaji font, Kiran font, Kruti Dev font, Saras, Lekhani, Liza, Lok, Maya, Nutan, Priya, Sharda, Richa etc 
http://marathi.indiatyping.com/

www.lipikar.com site gives free download facility for downloading Devanagari Unicode fonts like Chandas, Gargi, Kalimati, Lohit Devanagari, Nakula, Samanata, Sarai, and Samyak Devanagari.

You can download Devanagari Free fonts from internet by visiting following link.
http://www.lipikaar.com/support/download-unicode-fonts-for-hindi-marathi-sanskrit-nepali

Nakula and Sahadeva are “twin” Devanagari fonts, which have been developed by IMRC, India, for the University of Cambridge.

Both fonts are TrueType/OpenType, and are Unicode compliant. Both contain all the conjuncts and other ligatures (including Vedic accents). Nakula follows the Bombay style of Devanagari, with rounded glyphs and little thin/thick variation. Sahadeva is in the Calcutta style, with more angular glyphs and greater contrast between thin and thick strokes. The actual shapes of some of the glyphs (e.g. initial “a”, retroflex “n”) also differ according to the style of the font.

The fonts work well under Windows XP, provided that Service Pack 2 has been installed and “complex scripts” enabled.

Shree-Lipi  Dev Ratna package contains 1037 Modular, 296 ITR Devnagari Fonts, and additional 4400 Dev Bahar fonts.
http://www.modular-infotech.com/html/shreelipi.html

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Mac OS Platform

On Mac OS  you can enable Devanagari fonts using the System Preferences | International | Language | Edit List option. Certain locale settings can be changed using the Formats tab.

For typing Hindi on a Mac, you can choose the keyboard layout using the the two options available by default are Inscript and phonetic. Once you choose one of them, the icon for the input method would be displayed on the top right corner - in the dashboard.

To switch between Devanagari and other scripts, you may use the input switcher on your Mac using a mouse or you can set a keyboard shortcut, which by default is [Apple] + [Space]

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Input devices

There are many language input devices for writing in Marathi with different Keyboard layouts.

gamabhana is  free  and easy to use phonetic content writing utility that enable writing in  Indic scripts with a unicode support
http://www.gamabhana.com/

Google Input Tools makes it easy to type in the language you choose, anywhere on the web. Available input tools include transliteration, IME, and on-screen keyboards. Google Input Tools for Windows is currently available for 22 different languages. Visit following link
https://www.google.com/inputtools/

Baraha was a freeware input tool for Indian languages from 1998 to 2010 for personal and commercial use. Starting from version 10.0, Baraha has become a paid software with new features and Unicode fonts.
www.baraha.com

Unicode method of writing Marathi Characters

About Unicode and UTF - 8 Encoding  
for Devanagari ( Marathi ) 

 Unicode is a character set. UTF-8 is encoding.

The first 128 characters of Unicode (which correspond one-to-one with ASCII) are encoded using a single octet with the same binary value as ASCII, making valid ASCII text valid UTF-8-encoded Unicode as well.

Devanagari Unicode block is from  U+0900  To U+097F with total number of 128 characters  (Hexadecimal values from 00 to 7F from 0900 to 097F )

HTML 4 supports UTF-8. HTML 5 supports both UTF-8 and UTF-16! Unicode U+0915 if written as   क   when the  header of html page has declaration as  !DOCTYPE   html  in the first header tags.
 in html page will display as  

UTF-8 can be represented in webpage by 

Unicode Code Point (from  U+0900  To U+097F) 

OR

UTF-8 in literal format 

(from  \xe0\xa4\x80 to \xe0\xa5\xbf)

OR

Numerical equivalent decimak values

( from  2304 to 2431)

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As shown  in my earlier blog the unicode characters for Marathi use single number from  U+0900  To U+097F to express full character.

However, Marathi character is formed by adding vowel to consonant. In order to display only consonant we have to convert Marathi character by adding half character sign (   ्   )  .

Thus we require two unicode characters in sequence to display consonant.

 Normal method 

Consonant + Vowel = Character
क् + अ  = क      

Unicode method 
Character - क represented by  
Consonant  - क + ्   = क्   represented by 

We can write all characters of बाराखडी (Barakhadi) in this form. But it is not needed as we can use only respective vowels to unicode character.

Normal method       Unicode method
क्  + आ = का               क + ा = का
क्  + इ = कि                क + ि = कि
क्  + ई  = की               क + ी  = की
क्  + उ  = कु                क + ु  = कु
क्  + ऊ  =कू                क + ू  = कू
क्  + ऋ  = कृ               क + ृ = कृ
क्  + ए   = के              क + े = के
क्  + ऐ   = कै              क + ै  =  कै
क्  + ओ = कौ             क + ौ   =  कौ
क्  + अं  = कं              क + ं   =  कं
क्  + अः = कः             क + ः  =  कः

For writing complex characters, in Unicode method, the character is first converted to consonant and then other character is added.

क + ् + क = क्क  
This method is used even if complex character is formed by two or more consonants.

Unicode Marathi Characters with English equivalence

Numbers

Marathi               English            Unicode    
०                           0                       U+0966      
१                           1                       U+0967        
२                           2                       U+0968        
३                           3                       U+0969      
४                           4                       U+096A        
५                           5                       U+096B      
६                           6                       U+096C     
७                           7                       U+096D     
८                           8                       U+096E    
९                           9                       U+096F  

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Vowels

Marathi              English             Unicode    
अ                          A                       U+0905        
आ                        AA                     U+0906          
इ                           I                        U+0907          
ई                           II                      U+0908         
उ                           U                       U+0909         
ऊ                          UU                    U+090A       
ऋ                         VOCALIC R    U+090B 
ए                           E                       U+090F          
ऐ                           AI                      U+0910           
ओ                          O                      U+0913          
औ                          AU                    U+0914           

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Marathi                English                    Unicode  
्                        VIRAMA               U+094D  
ा                         SIGN AA                 U+093E     
ि                         SIGN I                     U+093F     
ी                         SIGN II                    U+0940    
ु                         SIGN U                     U+0941     
ू                         SIGN SIGN UU       U+0942    
ृ                         VOCALIC R            U+0943  
े                         SIGN E                     U+0947    
ै                         SIGN AI                   U+0948      
ो                         SIGN O                    U+094B     
ौ                         SIGN AU                 U+094C       
ं                         ANUSVARA             U+0902   
ः                         VISARGA               U+0903    

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Consonants 

Marathi             English                 Unicode   
क                        KA                        U+0915      
ख                        KHA                     U+0916        
ग                         GA                        U+0917        
घ                         GHA                     U+0918        
ङ                         NGA                     U+0919        

---

च                        CA                        U+091A         
छ                        CHA                     U+091B         
ज                        JA                         U+091C         
झ                        JHA                      U+091D         
ञ                        NYA                      U+091E         

---

ट                        TTA                       U+091F        
ठ                        TTHA                    U+0920       
ड                        DDA                      U+0921        
ढ                        DDHA                   U+0922        
ण                        NNA                     U+0923        

---

त                        TA                        U+0924         
थ                        THA                     U+0925        
द                        DA                        U+0926         
ध                        DHA                     U+0927       
न                        NA                        U+0928        

---

प                        PA                        U+092A         

फ                        PHA                    U+092B          
ब                        BA                        U+092C         
भ                        BHA                     U+092D        
म                        MA                       U+092E   

---

य                        YA                         U+092F        
र                         RA                        U+0930     
ल                        LA                        U+0932        
व                        VA                         U+0935       
श                        SHA                      U+0936       
ष                        SSA                       U+0937      
स                        SA                        U+0938       
ह                        HA                        U+0939       
ळ                       LLA                       U+0933    
ॐ                      OM                        U+0950